Chapters 12, 14, 46, 47
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G1
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The cell grows and does it's job
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G0
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Cell nondividing, could resume division
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S
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DNA replicated
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G2
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Prepares for division by making organelles
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M-phase
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Division
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Cytokinesis
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Cell membrane divides
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Prophase
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Chromatin starts to condense, nuclear envelope dissolves, mitotic spindle forms, centrioles divide in animal cells
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Prometaphase
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Cells start to move to middle, 2 complete spindles at poles
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Metaphase (2n)
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Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate, spindle attaches to kinetochore at centromere
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Anaphase (2n)
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Chromatid pulled apart at centromere, migrate to cell poles by kinetochore
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Telophase
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Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, cells start seperating
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Testosterone
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Male determining hormone
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Estrogen
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Peaks before LH and FSH, leads other to peak
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LH
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Stimulates follicular growth and ovulation
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FSH
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Stimulates follicular growth and ovulation
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Progesterone
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Promote thickening in endometrium
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Zygote
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When sperm meets egg, Fertilized egg
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Embryo
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Cells that will develop into baby, Beginning stages, cells differentiate
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Fetus
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Developing baby in Uterus
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1
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Ovulation
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2
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Conception
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3
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Cleavage
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4
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Cleavage continues
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5
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Implantation in uterus
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Endoderm
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Inner layer, lines digestive tract
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Mesoderm
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Space between endo and exoderm, ex: muscular and skeletal system
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Ectoderm
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Outer layer, ex: skin and nerves
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1
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Dilation of cervix
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2
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Expulsion/delivery of baby
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3
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Delivery of placenta
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Oxytocin
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Increases during labor
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Positive feedback
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simulates uterus to contract
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Positive feedback
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simulates placenta to make prostaglandins which simulate more contractions
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1
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Reception-Oxytocin received
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2
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Transduction-Oxytocin passed through molecules of signal transduction pathway
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3
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Response-Contraction of Uterus
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Scrotum
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Holds testes, regulates temperature for sperm
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Testis
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Produce sperm and testosterone, sperm manufactured in testis
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Epididymis
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Sperm stored to mature
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Vas deference
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Passageway for sperm and place for sperm storeage
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Bulbourethral gland
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Secrets fluid that protects sperm from acid in urethra
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Rectum
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Seminal vesicle
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Secretes fluid that nourishes and enables sperm to move
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Bladder
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Prostate gland
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Secretes alkaline found in male urethra
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.Urethra
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Semen and urine pass through to leave the body
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Penis
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Male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction and urination
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Ovary
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Store and release eggs and produce estrogen and progesterone
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Fillopain tubes
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Site of fertilization
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Bladder
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Urethra
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opening of blatter
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Vagina
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Empty passage way, leads from vaginal opening to uterus
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Cervix
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Opening of uterus, usually plugged by mucus
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Rectum
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Cyclin
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CDK on switch made in increasing amounts in interphase
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No cyclin=
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No mitosis
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CDK
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cyclin dependent kinase
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Proto-oncogenes
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Simulate cell division, accelerator, mutated versions always on
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Tumor suppressor genes
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Inhibit cell division, break, mutated versions always off
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G1
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Most important- determines if cell should replicated DNA
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Apoptosis
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Programmed cell death
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1
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Tumor grows from single cell
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2
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Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue
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3
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Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of body
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4
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Cancer cells may survive and establish new tumor
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Chromosome
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Tightly coiled DNA, made of 2 sister chromatid
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Chromatid
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1/2 chromosome
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Tetrads
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2 pairs homologous chromosomes next to each other
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Centromere
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Spindle fibers attach via kinetochore
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Daughter chromosomes
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Separated sister chromatid
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Prophase 1
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Chromosomes condense, homologous pair connect to each other (synapsis) -> tetrads
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Metaphase 1
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Tetrads align at metaphase plate
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Anaphase 1
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Homologous pairs separate, sister chromatid still attached
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Telophase 1
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Cell divides into 2 cells
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Prophase 2
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Chromosomes of 2 sister chromatid begin to condense
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Metaphase 2
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Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
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Anaphase 2
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Sister chromatid separate
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Telophase 2
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Starts dividing into 4 haploid cells
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Sperm
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Produces 4 sperm, prioritizes quantity
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Egg
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Creates 1 egg, quality over quantity, discarded eggs become polar bodies
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Animals
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Contractile ring of microfilaments pinches the cell in 2, creates a cleavage furrow
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Plant
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Vesicles from each cell bring materials over to create cell wall of plant, creates cell plate between 2 cells
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Crossing over
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DNA exchange between homologous pairs at chiasma
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Independent assortment
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During metaphase 1, one set of traits doesn't depend on another, each gamete has one of many combinations
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Asexual
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Quick, doesn't take care of young, no diversity
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Sexual
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Long process, non self-sufficient, diversity
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Acrosomal reaction
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Sperm breaks down to enter egg
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Cortical reaction
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Egg releases calcium ions to prevent polyspermy
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