Applied Entomology course of my university, summarized to help me study and pass the exam. I hope it will be useful for you too.
|
Domain
|
Eukarya
|
|
Kingdom
|
Animalia
|
|
Phylum
|
Arthropoda
|
|
Class
|
Insecta
|
|
Order
|
Coleoptera
|
|
Family
|
Chrysomelidae
|
|
Genus
|
Leptinotarsa
|
|
Species
|
Leptinotarsa decemlineata
|
|
Subphyla
|
Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda
|
|
Class
|
Entognata, Ectognata (Insecta)
|
|
Subclass
|
Apterygota, Pterygota
|
|
Tergal origin hypothesis
|
Wings originated from an expansion of dorsal body wall (tergum)
|
|
Pleural origin hypothesis
|
Wings were derived from epicoxal hendites and exites
|
|
Dual origin hypothesis
|
Contribution of both tergal and pleural components during the evolution of insect wings
|
|
Provisioning
|
material or energy outputs
|
Carbon absorption, control of pathogens, pest control, pollination, soil fertility
|
|
Supporting
|
maintenance of ecosystem
|
decomposition, seed dispersal, recycling
|
|
Regulating
|
directionality of ecosystem processes
|
|
|
Cultural
|
educational, spiritual, aesthetic value
|
bioindicators
|
|
Species=
|
Group of organisms that occupy the same ecological niche
|
|
This means that
|
species are kept separated by the selection for niche adaptation, not by the reproductive isolation
|
|
Cons
|
Different developmental species inhabit different ecological niches
|
|
Short standardized DNA markers for the taxonomic indentification
|
|
It has to be variable among species, not within species
|
|
They do not necessarily meet the requirements for DNA metabarcoding: many species have to be identified simultaneously
|
|
Community DNA
|
DNA extracted from a pool of individuals
|
|
Environmental DNA
|
Mixture of genomic DNA for example soil, litter, water
|
|
Intercellular DNA
|
from living cellls or living multicellular organisms
|
|
Extracellular DNA
|
derives from cell death
|
|
Stenoecious
|
→ organism that can tolerate a narrow range of variability, it can live only in a restricted range of habitats
|
|
Euriecious
|
→ organism that can tolerate a wide range of variability and can live in a wide range of habitats
|
|
Ecological niche
|
→ how a specie interacts within an ecosystem
|
|
It's the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism in optimal environmental conditions
|
|
It's limited by: unfavourable environmental conditions, inhibiting effects or predators, parasites, diseases
|
|
Ecoresistance
|
space, food resources, abiotic factors, biotic factors
|
|
Biotic factors:
|
Intraspecific or extraspecific
|
|
Intraspecific:
|
Competition for food or reproduction
|
|
Diapause
|
it's an endogenously regulated dormant state to survire seasons of adverse conditions. It can be obligatory (genetically determined) or facultative
|
|
Quiescence
|
immediate response to a change in the environment
|
|
Extraspecific:
|
parasitoids, predators, diseases
|
|
Direct defence
|
act directly on the phytophagous to reduce the feeding performance. Example: Anti-nutritional factors (induced) and Antixenosis or physical barriers (constitutive)
|
|
Indirect defence
|
attract natural enemies of the phytophagous. Example Synomones (induced)
|
|
Not considered pests
|
their feeding activity does not cause economic damage
|
|
Occasional pests
|
occasionally cause damage due to abiotic factors
|
|
Key pests
|
relevant economic damage
|
|
Induced pest
|
They can become dangerous usually after changes in the environment dued to human activities, example: allochthonous insects, monoculture, broad range pesticides
|
|
Definition
|
ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that adopts a combination of strategies
|
|
Key points
|
identification of key pest
|
|
monitoring strategy
|
|
|
define thresholds
|
|
|
implement control strategies
|
|
|
evaluate results
|
|
Agronomical practices
|
Crop rotarion
|
|
Cultivar choice
|
|
|
soil management practices
|
|
|
fertilization
|
|
|
Physical and mechanical approaches
|
Heat to treat food and seeds
|
|
Microwave to trear wood
|
|
|
Mechanically remove insects: light, traps
|
|
|
Agrochemicals
|
pheromone based suppression: mass traps
|
|
pheromone based attract and kill
|
|
|
mating disruption with sexual pheromones
|
|
|
Auto confusion, auto sterilization
|
|
|
Biological control
|
introduction of natural predators or parasitoids
|
|
pathogens: bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, nematodes
|
|
Insecta and Crustacea have an exoskeleton
|
|
Tyr and Phe are precursor of an essential component of cuticle systhesis
|
|
An Endosymbiont provides Tyr and Phe to the host
|
|
The host regulates the load of Endosymbiont to achieve cuticle, then eliminates it through apoptosis and autophagy
|
|
4 pairs of cephalic appendages (1 pre + 3 post oral)
|
|
Exposed mouthparts
|
|
Size: 0.2 - 300 mm
|
|
30 orders: Archaeognata + Zygentoma (Apterigota) and Pterygota
|
|
Apterygota
|
Archaeognata, Zygentoma
|
|
Pterygota
|
Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Blattodea, Mantodea, Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea, Phasmatodea, Embiidina, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Zoraptera, Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera
|
|
Definition
|
Process of naming and classifying organisms into groups, according to their similarities and differences
|
|
DNA barcoding
|
a standardized approach to identify organisms by the use of a DNA barcode
|
|
DNA barcode
|
Short DNA sequence taken from stardadized portions of the genome, coding or not a protein
|
|
Origin
|
1977: the idea; 1996: the first DNA metabarcoding; 2003: use of the term DNA barcoding; present: DNA barcoding, metabarcoding, eDNA
|
|
Monophyletic taxon
|
A group of organisms including the most recent common ancestor and its descendants
|
|
Polyphyletic taxon
|
A group of organisms in which the most recent common ancestor is not included
|
|
Paraphyletic taxon
|
A group of organisms including the most recent common ancestor but not its descendants
|
|
Homology
|
2 genes that share a common ancestor (evolutionary hypothesis)
|
|
Orthology
|
homologous that have diverged after a speciation event
|
|
Paralogy
|
homologous that have diverged after a duplication event
|
|
Xenology
|
homologous that derived through lateral transfer
|
|
Demoecology
|
studies the demography of a population (density, structure, dynamics) and predicts future population in a given scenario
|
|
Metapopulation
|
when the individuals live in a fragmented habitat
|
|
Structural properties
|
density, distribution, size, age classes, sex ratio, genetic variability
|
|
Functional properties
|
behaviour, birth rate, mortality, genetic variability
|
|
Green leaf volatiles
|
esters, aldehydes, alcohols C6
|
|
terpenoids C10, C15, indoles
|
|
|
1. Detox of isothiocyanates by conjugationo with Glutathione
|
|
2. Hydrolysis of GLS to obtain less toxic compounds (nitriles)
|
|
3. GLS sequestration to use against predators
|
|
Blockmann
|
observed Bacteriocytes in the body fat cells of cockroaches
|
|
Sulc
|
described aggregations of bacteriocytes in the body cavity of cicads
|
|
Primary
|
Obliged association, associated with their insect for long time, host-symbiont cocladogenesis, vertically transmitted (ie roaches and blattabacterium)
|
|
Secondary
|
Facultative symbiont, roles from mutualism to manipulation of reproduction, recently associated with their host
|
|
The hereditary, vertically transmitted symbiont does:
|
help hosts that trasmit it OR sterilize hosts that don't trasmit it (kill male embryos, induce cytoplasmatic incompatibility, feminize males, induce parthenogenesis)
|
|
Wolbachia
|
kills male embryos, feminizes male, induces parthenogenesis, induces cytoplasmatic incompatibility (CI)
|
|
Allochtonous
|
Aedes albopictus, Trichopoda pennipes, Scaphoideus titanus, Leptoglossus occidentalis, Metcalfa pruinosa, Icerya purchasi, Halyomorpha halys, Vespa velutina,
|
|
Others
|
Drosophila suzuki, Diabrotica virgifera, Empoasca vitis, Lobesia botrana, Cysia ambiguella, Argyrotenia pulchellana
|
|
1
|
Cambrian explosion
|
|
2
|
Origin of Insecta
|
|
3
|
Vascular plants
|
|
4
|
Seed plants
|
|
5
|
End-permiam mass extinction
|
|
6
|
Flowering plants
|
|
7
|
Angiosperm
|
|
arthron = articulated ; podos = foot
|
|
1.200.000 described species
|
|
Exoskeleton
|
|
Bilateria, protostomes and triploblastic
|
|
Metameric segmentation; tagma
|
|
High adaptability
|
|
Ectotherms
|
|
Heteronomous metamery: 20 metamers
|
|
Each metamer: ventral sternite, dorsal tergite, pleura (lateral sclerite), one pair of spiracle, one pair of ganglia, a couple of appendixes
|
|
3 morphological regions (tagma) → Head (6 metamers fused), Thorax (3 regions: pro- meso- meta-), Abdomen (11 metamers or urites + telson)
|
|
It's a standardized approach to identification
|
|
Solves limitations of morphological approaches
|
|
Identifies organisms also from fragments or juvenile stages
|
|
Solves the "taxonomic impediment"
|
|
Easy on the most cases
|
but what about fragments or juvenile stages?
|
|
Species:
|
groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
|
|
The morphological species concept:
|
Operational tool of the biological species concept → the existence of reproductive isolation is deduced by the analysis of morphological traits
|
|
Cons:
|
Subjective (the specialist decides); Intraspecific varability; Cryptic species
|
|
Outside entomology
|
Food safety
|
|
Inside entomology
|
|
|
Outside entomology
|
Food safety, veterinary application
|
|
Inside entomology
|
Forensic science, biomonitoring, biodiversity surveys, investigate multitrophic relationships
|
|
DNA barcoding
|
sequences 1 DNA to identify 1 organism
|
|
DNA metabarcoding
|
sequences 105-107 DNA to identify organisms, simbionts, parasites, dead remnants and extracellular DNA
|
|
Definition: S, is an order of n characters (Si)
|
|
DNA is composed of 4 nucleotides (A, C, G, T)
|
|
RNA is composed of 4 nucleotides (A, C, G, U)
|
|
Proteins are composed of 20 aminoacids
|
|
It's a structural and functional unit consisting of a biological community of living organisms interacting with themselves and their physical environment, in a unit of space
|
|
Ecological factor: every environmental element interacting directly on living organisms
|
|
Biotic factors: influence organisms' fitness and distribution
|
|
Direct
|
qualitative, useful for presence/absence analyses, depends by the human experience
|
|
Indirect
|
quantitative, useful for hypotesis testing, do not depend by human
|
|
Autoecology
|
Study of the individuals: range of tolerances, thermoregulation, water balance
|
|
Scavengers
|
Feed on dead or dying plants, dead or dying animals, excrements of other animals
|
|
Phytophagous
|
phyllophagous (leaves), carpophagous (fruit), plant-sucking (xylem, phloem), anthophagous (flowers), rhizophagous (roots), xylophagous (wood)
|
|
Zoophagous
|
feed on other animals (predators and parasitoids)
|
|
It studies the interactions among species in a definited space
|
|
Competition, Predation, Symbiosis
|
|
Competition is higher in a limited environment (ie leafminers). It can be symmetric or asymmetric (if one species is more competitive than the other)
|
|
Predation: prays evolve features to defense, predators to overcome the preys strategies
|
|
Symbiosis: parasitism, mutualism, commensalism
|
|
Direct
|
Insect directly attacks the commercial parts
|
|
Indirect
|
Insect attacks non-commercial parts but reduces plant efficiency
|
|
Physiological damage
|
Phyllophagous insects reduce leaves surface, reducing photosynthesys, of aphids can induce presence of black sooty mold or viruses, rhizophagous and xylophagous insects
|
|
Productive damage
|
measurable plant loss (qualitative and quantitative), or aesthetic damage
|
|
Economic damage
|
monetary value of the productive damage
|
|
Abiotic factors
|
|
Biotic factors (plant genotype, insect preference, phenological phase)
|
|
Random factors
|
|
/
|
Parasitic
|
Mutualistic
|
|
Facultative
|
male killing, feminisation
|
increase fecundity
|
|
Obligate
|
oogenesis
|
nutrient provisioining
|
|
Understand molecular basis of insect-symbiont interactions
|
|
Microbiota and microbioma associate to non-model insects
|
|
Impact of commensal bacteria in niche colonization
|
|
Impact of ecological determinants on the microbiota structure
|
No comments yet.
Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
