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Tissue -
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A group of cells working together to carry out a specific function
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Organ -
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A group of tissues working together to carry out a specific function out
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Organ System-
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A group of organs working together to carry out a specific function
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Organelles found within animal cells -
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- Nucleus -mitochondria -ribosomes -cell membrane -cytoplasm
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Organelles found within Plant cells -
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-Nucleus -Mitochondria -ribosomes -cell membrane -cytoplasm -permanent vacuole -chloroplasts -cell wall
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lipids
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- C, H, O (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)
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proteins
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- C, H, O, N, S (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur)
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complex carbs like starch and glycogen are made up of
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- simple sugars
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Proteins are made up of
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- amino acids
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the two molecules that Lipids are made up of
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- Glycerol and fatty acid tails
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Nucleus
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- controls the cell -contains genetic material (In the form of chromasomes)
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Cytoplasm
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- where most of the chemical reactions take place
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Mitochondria
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- where aerobic respiration takes place
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Ribosomes
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- the site of protein synthesis
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Cell wall
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- provides strength and support (Made out of cellulose)
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Permanent Vacuole
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- supports the cell and contains cell sap (A solution of sugars and salt)
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Chloroplasts
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- the site of photosynthesis
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Cell Membrane
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- controls what enters and leaves the cell - separates the cell from its environment
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enzymes
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- biological catalysts that increase rate of metabolic reactions
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factors that effect enzyme function
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- Temperature -pH - Substrate concentration -Enzyme concentration
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effect of temperature
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-as temperature increase, rate of reaction increases UNTIL the temperature exceeds the optimum and the rate of reaction begins to decrease
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Why does this happen?
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as temperature increase, particles have more kinetic energy, increasing chance of collision between molecules which speeds up the reaction
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when the temperature exceeds optimum
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- active site distorts as the enzyme denatures and it no longer fits the substrate
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effect of pH
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- the rate of catalysed reaction is fastest at the optimum pH. If the pH is too high or too low, the enzyme may denature and this affects rate of reaction
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Differentiation
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- the process by which cells become specialised
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Stems cells
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- unspecialised cells that can differentiate into lots of different types of cells
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ADVANTAGES
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-can be used to treat paralysis -possibility to cure degenerative diseases like Parkinson's -Whole new tissues and organs can be grown for drug testing
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DISADVANTAGES
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-use of embryonic cells creates ethical issues -it's expensive -long-term side effects are unknown
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diffusion
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- the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration
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how does temperature affect the rate of diffusion
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- as temperature increase, rate of diffusion increases as particles gain kinetic energy and move faster
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how does concentration gradient affect rate of diffusion
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- the greater the concentration gradient (The difference between the two areas), the greater the rate of diffusion
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how does surface area of the membrane affect rate of diffusion
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- as surface area increases, rate of diffusion increases as there is more space for the particles to pass through
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OSMOSIS
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- the movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a low water concentration (Down the water potential gradient) through a partially permeable membrane.
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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- the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (Going against the concentration gradient)
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