Cheatsheet for basic solubility rules and qualitative tests
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Potassium
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Sodium
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Calcium
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Magnesium
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Aluminium
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Carbon
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Zinc
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Iron
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Lead
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Hydrogen
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Copper
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Silver
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Gold
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Cation
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A few drops
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In excess
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Al3+
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White ppt
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Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln
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Ca2+
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White ppt
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Ppt is insoluble
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Cu2+
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Light blue ppt
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Ppt is insoluble
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Fe2+
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Green ppt
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Ppt is insoluble
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Fe3+
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Reddish-brown ppt
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Ppt is insoluble
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Pb2+
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White ppt
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Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln
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Zn2+
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White ppt
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Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln
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NH4+
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No ppt
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Ammonia gas evolved upon heating
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Cation
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A few drops
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In excess
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*Al3+
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White ppt
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Ppt is insoluble
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Ca2+
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No ppt
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-
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Cu2+
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Light blue ppt
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Ppt dissolves to give dark blue soln
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Fe2+
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Green ppt
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Ppt is insoluble
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Fe3+
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Reddish-brown ppt
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Ppt is insoluble
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*Pb2+
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White ppt
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Ppt is insoluble
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Zn2+
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White ppt
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Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln
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Zinc (Zn)
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Aluminum (Al)
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Lead (Pb)
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Sulfur Trioxide
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SO3
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Sulfuric Acid
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H2SO4
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*Sulfur Dioxide
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SO2
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Sulphurous Acid
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H2SO3
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Nitrogen Dioxide
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NO2
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Nitric Acid
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HNO3
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*Dinitrogen Pentoxide
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N2O5
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Nitric Acid
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HNO3
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Carbon Dioxide
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CO2
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Carbonic Acid
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HCO3
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*Phosphorus (V) Oxide
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P4O10
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Phosphoric Acid
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H3PO4
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*Phosphorus (III) Oxide
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P4O6
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Phosphorous Acid
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H3PO3
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*Manganese Heptoxide
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Mn2O7
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Permanganic Acid
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HMnO4
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*Dichlorine Monoxide
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Cl2O
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Hypochlorous Acid
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HOCl
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*Dichlorine Heptoxide
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Cl2O5
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Perchloric Acid
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HClO4
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All Group I and II metals (except Beryllium)
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Li2O, Na2O, MgO, CaO, etc.
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*Thallium (I) Oxide
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Tl2O
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*Bismuth (III) Oxide
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Bi2O3
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Sodium
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Na+
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Potassium
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K+
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Ammonia
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NH4+
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Nitrate
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NO3-
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All halides
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Except Pb and Ag compounds (e.g. PbCl2)
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All sulphates
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Except Ba, Ca (sparingly soluble) and Pb (e.g. BaSO4)
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All Carbonates
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Except SPA (Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium)
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All Phosphates
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Group I Metals and Ammonium compounds
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All Hydroxides
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Except SPCM (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium - sparingly soluble, Magnesium - very sparingly soluble)
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