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1. sight
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2. eye movement
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Visual Acuity
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the level of detail a person sees
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Visual Field
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the total area one sees in a single view
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Contrast Sensation
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the ability to distinguish shades of light, dark, and similar colors
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Light Modulation
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the ability to adapt to changing light conditions
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Visual Perception & Interpretation
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the processing of information once it reaches the brain
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a group of conditions that cause central vision loss
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Macular degeneration (AMD) is when the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer begins to malfunction.
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Most AMD starts out as dry and some progress to wet
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Dry AMD is the build up of deposits called drusen, which causes macular scarring
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Wet AMD is the development of a cluster of blood vessels under the macula
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Cataract is the clouding of the crystalline lens in your eye
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Cataract surgery is one of the most common surgeries performed
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If left untreated, the cataract will dull color and blur vision
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Clients with cataracts will have decreased contrast sensitivity
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Myopia
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the problem with the lens ability to focus on the image with adequate power; the power is not strong enough resulting in undershooting the fovea/retina (focal length is too short)
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concave or negative (-) lens
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Hyperopia
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problem with the lens ability to focus on the image with adequate power; power is too strong and overshooting the fovea (focal length to too long)
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convex or positive (+) lens
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Astigmatism
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the shape of the cornea itself is misshaped impeding the ability to properly bend or refract light/image resulting in a distorted image
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misshaped cornea
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Diabetes causes damage to small blood vessels and the eye is not spared
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DR causes a number of different visual problems ranging from "floaters" to total blindness
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Background diabetic retinopathy is the early stage of DR
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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a more severe form of DR.
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Low vision is defined as a visual impairment that cannot be corrected by medical or surgical intervention and is severe enough to interfere with the performance of activities of daily living but allows some usable
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Central Field Loss
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Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) or Stragardts Macular Degeneration (genetic)
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Peripheral Field Loss
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Glaucoma or retinitis pigmentosa
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Visual Field Cuts
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Neurological conditions stroke, brain injury, Parkinson's, and Multiple sclerosis
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Diffuse Vision Loss
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Usually caused by diabetic retinopathy
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Difficulty reading
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Decreased contrast sensitivity (e.g. poor detailed vision)
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Excessive head movement to search for items in their environment or during reading
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All things that require detailed vision will be affected (e.g. reading bills, text messages, following recipes, driving, etc)
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Self care is NOT affected
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Glaucoma is caused by increased pressure in eye
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Glaucoma causes peripheral vision loss and will untreated can cause blindness
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Fortunately, glaucoma is very treatable with eye drops and surgery
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The key to treatment is catching it before it damages the optic nerve and cause vision loss
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Retinitis pigmentoas is a progressive hereditary eye disease that causes deterioration of the retinal cells
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People usually start noticiting that they have night blindness, then they start losing their peripheral vision
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Central vision is spared in the beginning, but the visual flieds so small that they can only see small pinholes
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RP will eventually cause total blindness
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