Definition, disaster management cycle, psychological phases, psychological effects of disaster, general & ethical prinicples, classification of disasters, factors effecting vulnerability
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hazard
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"something having potential to cause harm, damage or danger to people, property or envi."
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disaster
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"a sudden great misfortune, calamity" (oxford dictionary)
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disaster management
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"an event, natural or man-made, immediate or progressive, which impacts with such severity that the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional measures"
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series of steps used to prepare, contain and mitigate unexpected events - lessen the impact of unexpected events and recover as many resources as possible
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Steps
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Description
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Functions
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mitigation/prevention
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reduce impact
3 levels: primary - before disaster secondary - during disater, to reduce severity tertiary - after disaster, to ensure it doesnt occur again prevent the disaster possible, and if not mitigate |
risk assessment
planning & policy development education, awareness |
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preparedness
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building capacity to respond effectively when disaster occurs
planning, training, developing resources steps taken to reduce expected damage |
early warning systems
logistics and supply chain management (distribution of supply &transport) security and law enforcement shelter continuity planning (process to ensure org functions during and after disaster - minimize downtime, maintain critical services, reduce disruption) |
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disaster
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unpredictable, sudden event
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emergency communication
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response
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immediate actions upon disaster
ruscue works, first aid etc |
rescue teams
evacuation medical services |
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recovery
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bringing population and place to pre-disaster stage
rehabilitation (after disaster - decision making, to bring pop back) and reconstruction (after rehab - implementing decisions to return to pre disaster phase) |
damage assessment
resource coordination psychological support |
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disasters can fall in multiple categories
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common disasters in india are natural and man- made (flood, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, landslides)
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natural
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geological (earthquake, landslides)
hydrological (floods, avalaches - rapid flow of snow down slopes) meterological (hurricane, cyclone - north is anti-clockwise, blizzard) climatological (wildlife dessertification) |
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man made
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industrial and transportation accidents
infrastructure failure envi disasters caused by - toxic, oil spills,deforestation |
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health
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pandemic (global)
epidemic (regional) biological (biological warfare (for war) and bioterrorism- using bacteria, virus etc with intent to kill/immobilism humans, accidental release of pathogens) |
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complex emergencies
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conflict related
humanitarian (famine - shortage of food, mass displacement of pop) |
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societal
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economic/financial
social (riots, protests) |
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comprehensive approach
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every stage of the cycle is imp
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community participation
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all should take resp + help other
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capacity building
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skills/ learning experience of ppl (eg- firefighters, doctors etc)
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continuous learning (from past disasters) and improvement
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multi-stakeholder collaboration
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in all stages - govt, ngos, private, communities, individuals
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post disaster recovery
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following up and supprting victims even after disaster
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gender & vulnerability consideration
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more support during disasters - women, children, elderly, PWD
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risk reduction and prevention
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information management
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sharing accurate info with authorities + prevent info leaks to public
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early warning signs
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to prevent/mitigate/evacuate
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flexibility & adaptability
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diff strategies for diff disasters (or same disaster in diff times)
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Traditional threats
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present and experienced for a long time and still causes drastic impact - we have not eliminated/contained them, only somewhat modified their efforts
1. natural phenomenon - earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis, droughts etc 2. man-made - major accidents inc in pop has lead to inc in % of death - more ppl living in inhabitable areas, more areas modified and made more vulnerable (eg: tin roofs in areas susceptible to cyclones - lethal weapon) |
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New threats
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arise due to tech, climate change, changing societal dynamics
1. cyberattacks 2. climate change related events - heatwaves, prolonged droughts, extreme storms 3. civil unrest - terrorism, hijacking, wars 4. hazardous substances (bhopal gas tragedy - 1985) 5. atomic & nuclear sources (chernobyl nuclear power plant - 1986) |
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vary in intensity, duration
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depends on the nature of the disaster, the level of exposure, individual resilience, and available support systems.
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Primary traumatization
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direct emotional and psychological impact experienced by individuals directly exposed (experiencing/witnessing) to the disaster
flashbacks, psych numbing, anxiety, fear, vulnerability |
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Secondary traumatization
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also known as vicarious traumatization/compassion fatigue
are indirectly exposed to the disaster through close contact with direct trauma victims may internalize distress of affected individuals - more guilt, emo swings and fatigue first responders, healthcare professionals, volunteers, family & friends |
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Delayed effects
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sometimes referred to as "delayed onset PTSD"
some people may not immediately display severe reactions to the trauma but develop symptoms later on - after days, weeks, or months after the disaster; maybe triggered by reminders/stressors |
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Psychological Conditions
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PTSD (flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance)
Anxiety and Fear (unsafe & lack of control, abt future disasters etc) Depression (hopelessness, loss of activities) Grief and Loss Survivor's Guilt |
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Immediate Emotional Responses
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Psychological Shock (numb/detached from reality)
Sleep Disturbances (could be due to anxiety & fear) Increased Aggression or Irritability |
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Cognitive Challenges
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Displacement and Disorientation (from their old homes - difficulty adapting)
Decreased Cognitive Functioning (attention, decision making) |
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Social Impact:
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Social Isolation (social networks might be disrupted after disaster)
Resilience and Post-Traumatic Growth (+ve psych changes and personal growth) |
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pre-disaster
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anxiety and fear
occurs before actual disaster warning/threat increase preparedness, prevention/mitigation behavior |
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impact
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shock, fear, confusion, overwhelm
immediately following disaster |
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heroic
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sense of unity
survivors feel altruistic 2 days - 1 week after disaster help each other, volunteer, form rescue teams, provide food and first aid |
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honeymoon
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sense of hope, relief
2-4 weeks after disaster support pours in from various sources (media, other states & countries etc) people not involoved guve their attention, time, money and services (food, clothing, shelter, funds) to take car of and help the victims & survivors |
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disillusionment
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frustration, exhaustion, emotional fatigue,, impatient
reality check of disaster's long-term impact people stop caring and providing resoources survivors have to deal with their losses on their own |
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reconstruction
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long-term recovery
bring the population and place to pre disaster state can last for months, years, decades |
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humanity
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actions should prioritize saving lifes, protecting dignity and ensuring well-being of affected ppl
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equal opportunities
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to access relief, recovery and rehab services
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indeoendency
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disaster management should be free from political, economic and other influences
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non-discrimination
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in rescues, resources
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autonomy
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victims/survivors should be treated with dignity & respect
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done to identify potential hazards, assess likelihood of occurrence & vulnerability of area and pop to it
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hazard indentification
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man-made/natural
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exposure analysis
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areas & pop most vulnerable
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risk assessment
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potential impact, severity, likelihood, frequency- through historic data, scientific modelling & expert judgement
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vulnerability analysis
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assess weakness & resilience of assets and communities - building quality, SES conditions, access to resources and community prepardness
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capacity assessment
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existing resources, preparedness, service availability - of local authorities, org, professionals
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risk communication
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inform public, authorities - to raise awareness, preparedness, mitigation & mobilise resources
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risk Mapping
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visual rep of hazard prone zones, exposure of assests and vulnerable communities
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economic and social impact
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potential loss of life, property damage, disruptions to livelihood etc
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scenario building
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hypothetical (eg: drills) - to better prepare, evacuate and understand consequences
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Factors affecting vulnerability (reaction/response) of adverse psych effects
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Nature (Inherent Factors):
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- Pre-existing mental health conditions (anxiety, depression, PTSD)
- Genetic and biological predispositions - Personality traits (self-esteem, neuroticism) |
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Nurture (Developmental and Environmental Factors):
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- Traumatic experiences (past abuse, trauma, neglect)
- Social support (little to no) - Resilience (ability to cope - tolerance level) - Coping mechanisms (emotion - for short term & problem focused - for long term) - Life circumstances (eg: financial diff, chronic illness etc) - Stigma and discrimination (get lesser resources) - Cumulative stress (effect of chronic stress - allostatic load) - Cultural background (beliefs, values) |
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External (Societal and Access-Related Factors):
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- Access to resources and healthcare
- Exposure to media (constant exposure leads to higher effects) |
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