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Sugars->Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrate, (C-H
2O)n = “Carbon + Water” |
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Carbohydrates = saccharides = sugar = -ose
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1. Source of energy
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2. Building blocks
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3. Molecular interactions
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Monosaccharides Can be divided in two big group
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1. Aldose(aldehyde group -CHO) contain the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.
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2. Ketose(ketone group -CO-) contain the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.
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Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O.
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General formula: (CH
2O)n |
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D-Ribose
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D-Deoxyribose
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D-Glucose
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D-Mannose
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D-Galactose
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D-Fructose
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alpha-Glucose
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cis isomer
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beta-Glucose
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trans isomer
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cis: same side, trans: opposite
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Sucrose
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glucose-fructose
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Lactose
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galactose-glucose
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Maltose
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glucose-glucose
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Glycogen and Starch Are Mobilizable stores of Glucose
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Formed by linkage of monosaccharides
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ex. Maltose, a Disaccharide: Two molecules of glucose are linked by an alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond to form the disaccharide maltose.
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Glycoproteins are proteins covalently modified with a small amount of carbohydrate groups.
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Many cell membranes proteins are glycoproteins, which involve cell adhesion and the binding of sperm to egg.
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Many extracellular proteins are also glycoproteins, including proteins in the serum.
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The diversity and complexity of the carbohydrate units of glycoproteins suggest that they are functionally important.
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Carbohydrates are information-rich molecules that guide many biological processes.
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The diverse carbohydrate structures displayed on cell surfaces are well suited to serve as sites of interaction between cells and their environments.
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