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Glycolysis Is an Energy-Conversion Pathway in Many organisms
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The Glycolytic Pathway Is Tightly Controlled
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Glucose Can Be Synthesized from Non-carbohydrate Precursors
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Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis Are Reciprocally Regulated
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the sequence of reactions that metabolizes one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the concomitant net production of two molecules of ATP.
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Glycolysis is an ancient pathway employed by a host of organisms.
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This process is anaerobic (i.e., it does not require O2), in as much as it evolved before the accumulation of substantial amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere.
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Pyruvate can be further processed anaerobically to lactate or ethanol.
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Under aerobic conditions(need O2), pyruvate can be completely oxidized to CO2, generating much more ATP.
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Position of glycolysis: cytoplasm
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Stage 1: conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and cleavage into two three-carbon fragments;
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stage 2: ATP is generated when the three carbon fragments are oxidized to pyruvate.
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Fermentations provide usable energy in the absence of oxygen
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- obligate anaerobes: Clostridium tetani (破傷風杆菌), Clostridium botulinum (肉毒杆菌)
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- intense exercise
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- food industry: sour cream, yogurt, various cheeses, beer, wine, and sauerkraut
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The NADH produced by the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction must be reoxidized to NAD+ for the glycolytic pathway to continue. In alcoholic fermentation, alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes NADH and generates ethanol. In lactic acid fermentation (not shown), lactate dehydrogenase oxidizes NADH while generating lactic acid.
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