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1. Hexokinase
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2. Phosphofructokinase-1
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3. Pyruvate kinase
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1. allosteric regulation
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2. covalent modification
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the key point for regulation of glycolysis
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allosteric activator：AMP; F-2,6-BP (in the liver)
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allosteric inhibitor：ATP; citrate
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In high concentrations, fructose 6-phosphate (F-6P) activates the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) through an intermediary, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP).
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Hexokinase is suppressed by its product G-6-P.
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Glucokinase in liver, is not inhibited by G-6-P.
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Glucokinase phosphorylates glucose only when glucose is abundant
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The role of glucokinase is to provide G-6-P for the synthesis of glycogen and for the formation of fatty acids.
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Gives the brain and muscles first call on glucose when its supply is limited, and it ensures that glucose will not be wasted when it is abundant.
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The gluconeogenic (糖異生) pathway converts pyruvate into glucose.
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Gluconeogenesis is not a reversal of glycolysis
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Noncarbohydrate precursors are first converted into pyruvate, oxaloacetate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
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Noncarbohydrate Precursors: lactate, amino acids, and glycerol.
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