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Proteins are synthesized from amino acids through the process of translation
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tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis. Amino acids not involved in decoding - fidelity of protein synthesis requires correct charging of tRNA
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Properties of genetic code: triplet(codon), non-overlapping, unambiguous(clear), degenerate, universal
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3 phases of translation: initiation, elongation, termination
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- tRNA base-pairs with mRNA; wobble base pairing
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- mRNA is read from 5' to 3', polypeptide extends from N- to C- terminus
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Amino acid on tRNA is not involved in codon recognition
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The conformation (three-dimensional shape) of tRNA results from base pairing (hydrogen bonds) within the molecule.
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The sequence on 3' end is always CCA: the amino acid attachment site.
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Anticodon: site of base pairing with mRNA. Unique for each species of tRNA.
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: for charging a transfer RNA with the correct amino acid
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Each enzyme is specific for one amino acid
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3 bases made up a codon
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Non-overlapping
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Each codon specify one amino acid
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Degenerate: more than one codon for the same amino acid
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Nearly universal
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Initiation
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- Start codon: AUG
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In eukaryotes, ribosome binds to 5' cap and moves along the mRNA to find the first start codon.
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Elongation
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- mRNA is read from 5' end to 3' end
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- Proteins are synthesized from N-terminus to C-terminus
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Termination
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- Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA
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