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-a systematic and objectiveattempt to provide answers to certain questions or problems , develop and discover an organised body ofstudy.
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a systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching certain conclusions either in solution form of generalisation for some theoretical information.
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define R problem>
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Review of literature >
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formulate H >
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Design R >
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collect data >
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analyse the data >
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hypothesis testing >
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interpretation of data >
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preparing report >
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presenting results
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Descriptive - survey and fact finding enquiries.Describe the current state of affairs. ex Ex-post facto R
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Analytical-analysis of already available information to make critical evaluation
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Action or Applied - aim is finding a solution for a problem at hand
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fundamental - concerned with generalisations and formulation of a theory.
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Quantitative - measurement of quantity or amount
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Qualitative - aim is to discover underlying motives of human behavior.
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Conceptual - related to some abstract idea or theory. used to develop new theories or reinterpret existing ones.
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Empirical - relies on observation or experience alone. Data-based research. Alia experimental R.
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Other - one time OR longitudinal; field setting OR laboratory R ; Exploratory R; Historical R.
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Hypothesis - a testable proposition; a tentative solution formed on a problem.
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Types:
Null Hypothesis (Ho) - indicating no relationship or no-effect or negationbetween variables. Alternate Hypothesis (Ha/ H1) or working hypothesis - indicating some relationship between variables. |
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journals, books, review articles, abstract, internet, dissertations, professors, newspapers, etc.
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Population - population or universe being considered or of interest
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Probability sampling likelihood of inclusion of each element in the sample.
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Non Probability Sampling- no way of assessing the likelihood of inclusion of each element in sample
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Non Probability contd.
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mixed sampling - involve characteristics of prob and non prob sampling
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sample - subset of population, used as representative of population.
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Simple Random sampling -equal chance of being included. Ex. fishbowl method, Tippet's table of Random nos.
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Purposive/ Judgemental sampling
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Area Sampling - selecting a particular geographical location for sample collection
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Stratified Random sampling - Strata. Ex sex
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Snowball sampling
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Cluster Sampling - selecting groups rather than individuals
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Systematic sampling -Tippet's Table.
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Quota Sampling - strata
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Multistage sampling - + cluster sampling (large sample unit breaking into then smaller units to study)
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the difference between parameter (measure from populationand statistic(measure from sample)
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Based on A)Variability in the population & B)Size of sample
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Higher the SE, poorer the statistical inference.
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conceptual structure within which a R is conducted, in Underbuilt for collection, measurement and analysis of data; a framework for R plan of action
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characteristics of R Design - Neutral, Reliable, Valid, Generalisable
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Two Approaches to R Design: Qualitative & Quantitative
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Types of R Designs
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Descriptive Research Design - explanation of situation/case in depth explanation of situation/case in depth; theoretical basis; presentsdata in an understandable manner ; no control/change in variables ; only observational.Do customers prefer product A, B or C ?
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Experimental R Design- manipulation of variable to observe changes in another variable; controlled and randomized.
Include DV, IV, hypothesis, operational definition |
Correlational R Design - relationships between two/more variables ; non experimental ; no manipulation of variables ; gives a + or - or 0 correlation; result presented with numerical value called correlation coefficient
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Explanatory R Design - explores when limited information is available; helps increase understanding of a topic; answers why, how; predicts future occurrences; cause and effect model ; improved understanding of previously unresolved problem.
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Types : cross sectional- studying one particular section of society at a given point in time. ex. tracking social media use in Gen Z in Netherlands.
Longitudinal - extended period of time on a group of people. ex. cyber bullying from 2022-2024 Normative-comparison of result with an existing norm Correlational- find out relationship between variables. Ex video games and mental health Comparative- Comparison of two or more. Ex salary of emploees at teo different companies Classification- arrange data into categories. Ex classifying customers based on their buying beh Archival- search for past records and get info. Ex tracking company sales over years |
Types:True experimental
pretest posttest design w/o control group pretest posttest with control group posttest with control group design , Quasi-experimental |
Types: Naturalistic observation
Survey Archival Research |
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Between subjects design(separate groups)-Randomised groups design:
Two randomised groups design More than two randomized groups design |
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Matched group design-all subjects are tested on a matching variable sn then formed into groups
Factorial design-values of two/more IV are studies in all possible combinations to find out independent and interactive effects on DV Within subjects design (only one group of subjects) |
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Attributes of objects, events, things, being, etc that can be measured. There are controlled, manipulated or observed by the experimenter.
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IV-manipulated,measured and selected by experimental for purpose of observing changes in DV.
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Directive & Non-directive hypothesis
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DV -experimenter makes prediction about this variable
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Nominal scale - use of numbers to name objects.
Ordinal scale - rank order of objects |
Interval scale - includes charac of nominal & ordinal scales , numerical equals distance on a scale indicating equal distances in properties of objects measured.
Ratio scale -includes properties of all other scales & an absolute zero point. Interval scale is most commonly used in psychology |
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Primary Data -observation method, interview method, Questionnaires, surveys
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secondary Data -Case Study, Government Records, Newspapers, Journals, Articles, Archives, Internet , Databases
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
