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Valance electrons
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Number of electrons in outermost shell.
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shell -> subshells -> orbitals
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shell
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K, L, M, N
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n=1, 2, ...
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subshell
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s, p, d, f, g
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1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, ...
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orbital
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s, p
x, py, pz |
1s, 2s, 2p
x, 2py, 2pz |
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Element is classified as s, p, d and f block element
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depending on the orbital filled by the last electron.
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Mole (Avagadro's constant)
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It is a unit for telling the count, just like dozen.
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1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 units
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Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
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Avagadro's Hypothesis
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Volume occupied by 1 mole of ideal gas at STP is 22.41 litres
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Mass of neutron
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1.0087 u
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Mass of proton
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1.0073 u
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Mass of electron
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0.00055 u
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Group 1
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Alkali Metals
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Valency +1
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~ium
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Group 2
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Alkali Earth Metals
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Valency +2
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~ium
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Group 17
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Halogens
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Valency -1
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~ine
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Group 18
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Inert (Nobel) Gases
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Valency 0
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~on
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Diatomic nonmetals
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H, Halogens, C, and O
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s-block
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Group 1, 2
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p-block
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Group 13 to 18
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d-block
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Group 3 to 12
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Hydrogen (Exception: Non-metal)
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H
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1 (atomic number)
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1x=1 u or amu
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Lithium
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Li
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3
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2x+1=7
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Sodium
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Na
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3+8=11
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2x+1=23
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Potassium
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K
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11+8=19
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2x+1=39
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Rubidium
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Rb
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19+18=37
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2x+11=85
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Caesium
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Cs
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37+18=55
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2x+23=133
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Francium
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Fr
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55+32=87
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2x+49=223
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Beryllium
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Be
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4
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Magnesium
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Mg
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4+8=12
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Calcium
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Ca
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12+8=20
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Strontium
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Sr
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20+18=38
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Barium
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Ba
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38+18=56
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Radium
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Ra
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56+32=88
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Fluorine
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F
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9
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Chlorine
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Cl
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9+8=17
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Bromine
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Br
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17+18=35
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Iodine
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I
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35+18=53
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Astatine (Exception: Metalloid)
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At
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53+32=85
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Ununseptium (Artificial Element)
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Uus
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85+32=117
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Helium
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He
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2
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Neon
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Ne
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2+8=10
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Argon
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Ar
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10+8=18
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Krypton
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Kr
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18+18=36
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Xeon
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Xe
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36+18=54
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Radon
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Rn
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54+32=86
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Ununoctium
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UUo
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86+32=118
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