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Function of the Spleen
Graveyard. Dying RBCs are recycled in the spleen, liver, and red bone marrow by macrophages.
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White Blood Cells
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas. Neutrophils, Lymphocyctes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils. Leukocytes ~ There are 5 types of leukocytes organized into two classes. those are Agranular , which consists of lymphocytes (20-25%) & monocytes (3-8%). Granular, which consists of basophils (.5-1%) neutrophils (60-70%) & eosinophils (2-4%)
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Neutrophils
Nucleus 2-5 lobes / Our bodies "Bacteria Slayers" / Initiate respiratory bursts to kill bacteria / Produce antibotic-like proteins called defensins
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Lymphocytes
Large single, dark purple, mostly made of lymph tissue. T-cells- AcT against virus-infecTed cells & Tumor cells. Thymus- immunocompetence/mature. B-cells- Become plasma cells which produce antiBodies ; Bone marrow- immunocompetence/mature
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Monocytes
Dark purple kidney or U-shaped nuclei. Largest leukocyte. Leave circulation and enter tissue- turn to macrophages. Activate lymphocytes from immune response by releasing cytokines.
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Eosinophils
Red-staining, bi-lobed. Digest parasitic worms. Lessen the severity of allergies.
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Basophils
Rarest WBCs. U or S-shaped. Contain large purplish-black granules. Histamine (vasodilator) & heparin (anticoagulant) attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites & bronchoconstriction
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Normal ph range for blood
7.35-7.45
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Response to injury/hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding. 1Vascular Spasm 2 Platelet Plug 3~Coagulation
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Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Megakarayocyte-Cytoplasmic cell fragments. Form a temporary plug to seal vessels
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Leukocytes (WBC’s)
Are complete cells (They have a nucleus and organelles)
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Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
Mature RBC’s have no nuclei or organelles (live approx. 120 days)
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Hypoxia
Too few RBCs (anemia)
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
Direct stimulus for erythropoeisis Released by kidneys in response to “hypoxia”
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Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis)
is the proliferation and differentiation of the formed elements of blood originating from a Hemocytoblast (stem cell).
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Polycythemia
excess RBCs > inc blood viscosity > heart attack or stroke. Polycythemia veraBone marrow cancer due to a gene mutation. Secondary polycythemialess O2 available or inc EPO. Blood doping~(excess blood transfusions)
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Leukemia
cancerous conditions of abnormal production (increased #) Leukemias are named according to the abnormal WBCs involved Myelocytic leukemiainvolves myeloblasts Lymphocytic leukemiainvolves lymphocytes (Acute: quickly developing; primarily affects children Chronic: slow to develop; more prevalent in older people)
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Location of Hematopoiesis
Red Bone Marrow
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Albumin
Most abundant protein
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Systole/ Diastole
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Systole Contraction of the heart muscles. Diastole Relaxation of the heart muscles
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Papillary Muscles
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Contract & generate tension on chordae tendineae
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Cardiac Reserve
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Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output
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Angina Pectoris
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Pain due to deficient blood supply to the myocardium. Caused by transient stress-induced spasms of coronary arteries, increased physical demands on the heart or arteriosclerosis. Cells are weakened.
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Myocardial Infract
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Hear Attack. Prolonged coronary blockage= prolonged lack of oxygen to the heart muscles= cardiac muscle cell death. These cells are AMITOTIC; replaced with non-contractile scar tissue. May be repairable depending on the extent of the damage and time
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Layers of the Heart
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Epicardium aka visceral pericardium- visceral layer of the serous pericardium. Myocardium- Spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells held together by elastic & collagen fibers that form a dense network called the Fibrous Skeleton of the heart. Endocardium innermost- Endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface that is continuous with blood vessel linings. Creates a smooth surface for easy blood flow.
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Contraction of the Heart
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Sinoatrial node (SA Node-Pacemaker) 60-100 beats/min. Atrioventricular node (AV Node) 40-60 beats/min. Atrioventricular (AV) bundles (Bundle of His) 0-40 beats/min Right and Left bundle branches 0-40 beats/min Ventricular Purkinje Fibers 0-40 beats/min
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Lub/Dub sounds
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Caused by the closing of heart valves. First Sound occurs as AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole (contraction). Second Sound occurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole (relaxed)
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Pathway of blood through Heart (Pulmonary circuit)
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Right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary semilunar valve-pulmonary arteries-Lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium
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Pathway of blood through Heart (Systemic circuit)
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Left atrium-bicuspid (mitral) valve-Left ventricle-aortic semilunar valve-aorta-to the body-vena cavas-right atrium
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Isovolumetric contraction/relaxation
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isovolumetric Contraction All 4 valves are closed. Atria relax; ventricles contract (0.3 seconds) Isovolumetric Relaxation All 4 valves are closed. Occurs in early diastole. Ventricles relax. Backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes semilunar valves. Quiescent period (0.4 seconds)
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Ventricular Filling
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Takes places mid-to-late diastole. Atrial contraction (0.1 seconds). AV valves are open. 80% of blood passively flows into ventricles. Remaining 20% delivered with atrial systole. Heart blood pressure is low as blood enters atria and flows into ventricles.
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Development aspects of the heart
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Fetal heart structures that bypass pulmonary circulation. Forman Ovale connects the two atria. After birth this closes and becomes the Fossa Ovalis. Ductus Arteriosus connects pulmonary trunk and the aorta. After birth this closes and becomes the Ligamentum Ateriosum
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Cardiac Output Equation
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CO= SV (Stroke Volume) X HR (Heart Rate) If HR or SV goes up so does CO; same is true for going down
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Stroke Volume Equation
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SV= EDV (End Diastolic Volume) - ESV (End Systolic Volume) EDV amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole (120ml) ESV amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction (50ml) Average Stroke Volume~ 70ml
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Norepinephrine
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Sympathetic neuron activation releases Norepinephrine
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Acetylcholine
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Parasympathetic fibers in the vagus nerves release Acetylcholine. If vagus nerves are cut= inc HR by ~ 25 bpm (THIS IS CALLED VAGAL TONE)
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
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The heart is a "double pump" and each side can initially fail independently of the other. LEFT SIDE Pulmonary congestion blood backing up into the lungs > pulmonary edema. Can lead to suffocation. RIGHT SIDE Peripheral Congestion blood backs up at the tissue level > edema in the extremities. Can lead to tissue hypoxia.
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Commotio Cordis
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Often lethal disruption of heart rhythm that occurs as a result of a blow to the area directly over the heart, at a critical time during the cycle of a heart beat causing cardiac arrest. It is a form a ventricular fibrillation, not mechanical damage to the heart muscle or surrounding organs, and not the result of heart disease.
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Normal blood pressure in Pulmonary Trunk
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24/8 mmHg
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Arteries/Arterioles
Always carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus. ARTERIOLES~Smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds. Control blood flow into capillary beds via sympathetic nervous system vasoconstriction (increased release of norepinephrine) and vasodilation (decreased release of norepinephrine)
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Veins/Venules
Always carry blood toward the heart; deoxygenated except in pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessel of fetus
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Veins
Special adaptations to ensure return blood: Large-diameter lumens: offer little resistance to blood flow Valves prevent backflow of blood Varicose veins and hemorrhoids are the result of incompetent valves (valve failure).
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Capillaries
Contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs. Smallest blood vessels (microscopic). Walls consisting of thin tunica intima, one cell thickness. Diameter only allows a single RBC to pass at a time. Function: exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes between tissue and blood.
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Neurotransmitter released by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic NE-Norepinephrine ParasympatheticACH-Acetylcholine
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) effects of blood pressure
released when BP falls very low causes intense vasoconstriction >> inc BP Also stimulates kidneys to conserve water
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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Equation
pressure that propels blood through tissues. MAP=Diastolic+ Pulse Pressure/3 (Example BP of 110/70 MAP=70+110-70/3)
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Renin-angiotensin and effects of Angiotensin II and Aldosterone
Renin-angiotensin has a major effect on the cardiovascular system. Renin is an enzyme, although some sources identify it as a hormone. Renin converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen which is produced by the liver, into its active form angiotensin I. angiotensin I circulates in the blood and is then converted into angiotensin II in the lungs. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor, greatly increasing blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of ADH and aldosterone. (Angiotensin II~ released in low renal prefusion (decreased BP). Kidney are stimulated to release of renin which generates angiotensin II. Initially creates vasoconstriction (short term)>>inc BP. Long term >> stimulates aldosterone and ADH release>>inc blood volume>>inc BP)
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Blood pressure Equation
BP= CO (Cardiac Output) X PR (Peripheral resistance)
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Very comprehensive and straight to the point, I'm using this for an upcoming exam instead of going through 100 slides for the last 3 weeks of school. Thank you for your time and effort in making this for people like me!
Very comprehensive and straight to the point, I'm using this for an upcoming exam instead of going through 100 slides for the last 3 weeks of school. Thank you for your time and effort in making this for people like me!
Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
