Japanese 102 Chapter Cheat Sheet

A Education › Japanese cheat sheet in English by shamslam845

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Ch. 10 L1: Short Forms - Present, Affirmative

Verbs	Same as dictionary form
い-adjectives	Same as dictionary form
な-adjectives	replace です with だ
noun+です	replace です with だ

Short forms are used for:
* In casual conversations
* In represented or quoted speech ("I think...", "She said...")
* In making negative requests ("Please don't..." )
* In expressing ideas like "I like doing..." or "I am good at doing..."

Informal Speech

Questions do not end with か, but with rising intonation.

The だ　ending of な-adjectives and noun+です constructions is usually dropped at the very end of a sentence.

I think that . . .

short form + とおもいます

They said . . .

short form + といっていました

Please don't . . .

negative short form + でください

Question Word with が

When there is a question trying to fill in a blank in the information sheet using a question word like だれ and なに:

だれがおきなわにいきましたか。
Who went to Okinawa?

The answer also uses が：

ロバートさんがおきなわにいきました。

New Piece of Information with が

What if we both know that someone went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was Robert, but you don't. I will say:

ロバートさんがおきなわにいきました。
ROBERT went to Okinawa.

The word for "something": なにか

The word for "something" is なにか：

ねこがなにかもってきました。
The cat has brought something.

The word for "anything?": なにか

なにか is used in questions as "anything?":

ねこはなにかたべましたか。

"Not.. anything" with なにも + negative

To say "Not... anything" use なにも + negative:

いいえ、　ねこはなにもたべませんでした。
No, the cat did not eat anything.

Past Tense Short Forms

	Past tense, affirmative	Past tense, negative
Verbs	replace て/で in te-forms with た/だ	replace い in the present tense negative ない with かった
い-adjectives	drop the final です in the long forms	<- same
な-adjectives	replace でした in the long forms with だった	drop the final です in the long forms
noun + です	replace でした in the long forms with だった	drop the final です in the long forms

Someone said

スーさんは、こうこうのときめがねをかけていたといっていました。
Sue said that she wore glasses in high school.

Think something in the past

トムさんがやったとおもいます。
I think Tom did it.

Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adjectives

あそこで本をよんでいるがくせいはみちこさんです。
The student who is reading a book over there is Michiko.

The short form of verbs can be used to qualify nouns.

have not ... yet

まだ～ていません
have not ... yet

スーさんはまだおきていません。
Sue has not woken up yet.

私はまだひるごはんをたべていません。
I haven't eaten yet.

(reason) から、　(statement)。

(explanation) から、 (situation)。= (situation), because (explanation). = (explanation), therefore, (situation).

あしたしけんがあるから、　わたしはこんばんべんきょうします。
We will have an exam tomorrow, therfore I will study this evening.

さむかったから、　てかけませんでした。
We didn't go out, because it was cold.

You can use the long or short form before から。 The long form before から is more polite

Ch. 10 L1: Comparison between Two Items

Making a statement:
Aのほうが　Bより　(property)。　=　A is more (property) than B.

Ex. 1
ちゅうごくのほうがにほんよりおおきです。
China is larger than Japan.

Asking a question:
AとBとどちらのほうが　(property)。　＝　Between A and B, which is more (property)?

Ex. 2
バスとでんしゃとどちらのほうがやすいですか。
Which is cheaper, (going by) bus or train?

Ch. 10 L2: Comparison among Three or More Items

To compare 3 or more items:
[(class of items) のなかで] Aがいちばん (property)。=
A is the most (property) [among (a class of items)].

Ex. 1
ロシアとフランスと日本の中で、どこがいちばんさむいですか。
Between Russia, France, and Japan, which country has the coldest climate?

ロシアがいちばんさむいと思います。
Russia is the coldest, I think.

Ex. 2
きせつのなかでいつがいちばんすきですか。
What season do you like best?

あきがいちばんすきです。
I like fall the most.

中= なか

Ch. 10 L3: adjective/noun + の

Adjective + の
When a noun follows an adjective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the prounoun の.

い-adjective + noun -> い-adjective + の
な-adjective + noun -> な-adjective + の

Ex. 1
私はくろいくろいセーターを持っています。あかいのがありませんでした。（の＝セーター）
I have a black sweater. I have a red one, too.

Noun + の
A noun following another noun can be reduced. A sequence like "noun¹のnoun²" can be reduced to "noun¹の."

Ex. 2
これはスーさんのかばんですか。
Is this Sue's bag?

いいえ、それはメアリーさんの____です。
No, that is Mary's ___.

Ch. 10 L4: つもりだ - I intend to do.

verb(present, short) + つもりだ　= (I) intend to do. . .

I intend to play tennis with Takeshi this weekend.
（わたしは）しゅまつにたけしさんとテニスをするつもりです。

verb(negative, short) + つもり = (I) intend not to do. . .

Professor Yamashita does not intend to come to school tomorrow.
山下先生はあした大学に来ないつもりです。

Ch. 10 L5: なる - "to become"

The verb なる means "to become," indicating a change. なる follows nouns and both types of adjectives.

With い　adjectives, the final い is dropped and く is added:
あたたかい　-> あたたくなる　to become warm/warmer

With な adjectives, the final な is dropped and に is added:
しずか(な)　-> しずかになる　to become quiet/quieter

With nouns, に is added:
かいしゃいん　-> かいしゃいんになる　to become a company employee

Ch. 10 L6: どこかに/どこかにも

something = 　何か＿
not anything =　何＿も　

someone = 　だれか＿
not anyone = 　だれ＿も

somewhere = 　どこか＿
not anywhere = 　どこ＿も

＿＝ the particle used

Ex.1
だれかにあいましたか。
Did you see anybody?
いいえ、だれにもあいませんでした。
No, I didn't see anybody.

Ex. 2
何かしましたか。
Did you do anything?
いいえ、なにもしませんでした。
No, I didn't do anything.

Ch. 11 L1: "I want to do" using ~たい

Use the verb stem (the verb that goes before ます) + たいです to describe your hope or aspiration.

Grammar Rule:
verb stem + たいです I want to do...

Example 1:
こんどのしゅまつは、えいがをみたいです。
I want to see a film this weekend.

The combination of a verb and たい conjugates as an い-adjective.

Negative Example:
あのひとにはあいたくないです。
I don't want to see that person.

Past Tense Example:
セーターがかいたかったから、デパートにいきました。
I went to a department store, because I wanted to buy a sweater.

Ch. 11 L2: ～たり～たりする

To connect clauses as examples, and in no set order, you can use the form ～たり～たりする。

Rule:
(activity A) たり (activity B) たりする
do such things as A and B

おおさかでかいものをしたり、ばんごはんをたべたりします。
In Osaka, I will do such things as shopping, and eating dinner.

Ch. 11 L3: ～ことがある

The past tense short form of a verb + ことがある describes that you did something, or something happened, in earlier times.

Grammar Rule:
verb(short, past, affirmative) + ことがある
have the experience of ...

Example 1:
ふじさんにのぼったことがあります。
I have had the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji.

Example 2:
たけしさんはじゅぎょうをやすんだことがありません。
Takeshi has never been absent from classes ( in his life ).

Ch. 11 L4: noun A や noun B

や connects two nouns, as does と. や suggests that the things referred to are proposed as examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list.

Grammar Rule:
A や B
A and B, for example

Example 1:
きょうとやならにいきました。
I wen to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).

Ch. 12 L1: Explaining things using ~んです

Explain things using ～んです。

んです goes after the short form( affirmative or negative; present or past ).

あしたテストがあるんです。
I have an exam tomorrow.(So I can't go out tonight.)

しけんがおわったんです。
The exam is over. (That's why I'm smiling.)

When it follows a noun or な-adjective, な comes in between.

Ch. 12 L2: "too much" using ～すぎる

Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb すぎる, which means "too much."

～すぎる conjugates as a regular ru-verb.

はやくおきすぎました。
I got up too early.

たべすぎてはいけません。
You must not eat too much.

To use すぎる with いー and なー adjectives, you drop the い and な and add すぎる.

このほんはたかすぎます。
This book is expensive.

Ch. 12 L3: Advice using ～ほうがいいです

Use ほうがいいです to say that it is advisable to do something.

ほうがいいです follows different tense forms, depending on whether the advice is given in the affirmative or negative.

When the advice is in the affirmative, ほうがいいです follows the past tense short form of a verb.

When the advice is negative, the verb is in the present tense short form.

もっとやさいをたべたほうがいいですよ。
You'd better eat more vegetables.

じゅぎょうをやすまないほうがいいですよ。
It is better not to skip classes.

Ch. 12 L4: formal "because" using ~ので

ので is just like から, but it sounds more formal.

いつもにほんごではなすので、にほんごがじょうずになりました。
My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese.

The reason part ends in short form present verb. When ので follows a な-adjective or noun, な comes in between .

そのひとはいじわるなので、きらいです。
I do not like that person, because he is mean.

(reason) ので　(situation)。
situation, because (reason).

Ch. 12 L5: "must" using ~なければ

Use short form present, but drop the い and add なければいけません。

しけんがあるから、べんきょうしなければいけません。
I have to study, because there will be an exam.

short form present - い + なければいけません
must do something.

Ch. 12 L6: Prediction using ～でしょう

Use でしょう when making a guess or a prediction. でしょう follows verbs and い-adjectives in short forms, in the affirmative and in the negative.

あしたはあめがふるでしょう。
It will probably rain tomorrow.

あしたはあめがふらないでしょう。
It will probably not rain tomorrow.

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