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Markovnikov's rule
in addition reactions, the proton is added to the carbon atom with the greatest number of hydrogen atoms attached to it
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anti-Markovnikov's rule
in addition reactions, the proton is added to the carbon atom with the lowest number of hydrogen atoms attached to it
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zaitsev's rule
in elimination reactions, the major product is the more stable alkene with the highly substituted double bond
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E1
multistep,
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E2
single step,
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Protic
Solvents with O-H or N-H bonds and the ability to hydrogen bond
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Aprotic
Solvents that dont
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Nucleophile
A simple metal and salt, nucleus "loving", usually anions
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Electrophile
Must contain a C-LG bond, electron "loving", usually cations
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Solvolysis Reaction
the nucleophile is also the solvent
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E/Z System
1. Prioritize the 2 groups attached to each carbon relative to one another. If the higher priority groups are cis, its Z, it their trans, its E
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Vicinal
2 atoms or groups bonded to same carbon
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Geminal
2 atoms or groups beonged to the same side of the carbon
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syn-addition
added to same plane or same side of compound
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anti-addition
added to different sides of compounds
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SN1
2 step, RR possible, tertiary reacts fastest
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SN2
1 step, no RR, Primary reacts fastest
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Names of Reaction
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Kind of Reactant
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Whats on Arrow
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Product structure
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Catalytic Hydrogenation
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Alkene
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H2 , Ni, Pt or Pd
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alkane, M not applicable, syn, No RR
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Addition of hydrogen halides
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Alkene
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H-X
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M, No syn/anti, RR possible
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Acid Catalyzed hydration
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Alkene
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H2SO4 or H+, H2O
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New H and OH added, M, no syn/anti, RR possible
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Hydroboration-Oxidation
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Alkene
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1. B3H6, 2. H20, -OH
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New H and OH added, Anti-M, Syn, no RR
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Addition of Halogens/halogenation
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Alkene
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X2, CH3Cl
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new vicinal halogens, M not applicable, Anti, No RR
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Cohalogenation
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Alkene
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Br2, H2O
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new halogen and OH, M of OH and Anti-M for halogen, Anti, No RR
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Expoxidation
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Alkene
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RCOO-OH (peroxide)
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Expodie is formed, M not applicable, Syn, No RR
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Ozonolysis
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Alkene
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1. O3, 2. H2O
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2 carbonyl compounds, nothing else applicable
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