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yo
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-i
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tu
|
-iste
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ud/el/ella
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o st-ch
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nosotros/as
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-imos
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|
vosotros/as
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-isteis
|
|
uds/ellos/ellas
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-eron st-ch
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stem changes in PR go from:
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e>i or o>u
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stem changes in PR happen:
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in third person singular and plural
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stem changes in PR only happen:
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in -ir stem changing verbs, not in -ar or -er
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adjectives
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bueno/a
|
good
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malo/a
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bad
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grande
|
big; old
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pequeno/a
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small; young
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joven
|
young
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viejo/a
|
old
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|
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comparative
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|
mejor
|
better
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|
peor
|
worse
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mayor
|
older
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menor
|
younger
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superlative
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el/la mejor
|
the best
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el/la peor
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the worst
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el/la mayor
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the oldest
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el/la menor
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the youngest
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direct and indirect object pronouns
replace nouns
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indirect object pronouns singular:
me, te, le (se)
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indirect object pronouns plural:
nos, os, les (se)
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direct object pronouns
lo, la, los, las
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if object pronouns are used together
indirect before direct pronoun
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indirect ojbect pronouns le and les
always change when coming before all direct pronouns
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se can be clarified by
subject pronouns in third tenses
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double object pronouns (DOPs):
are to be placed before a conjugated verb
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with infinitives and present participles, double object pronouns can:
be placed before conjugated verb or attatched to the end
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accent marks
added to maintain stress in DOPs attatched to infinitives and present participles
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when grande and pequeno/a refer to age,
use the irregular comp/super forms, mayor/menor
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when grande and pequeno/a refer to size,
use regular forms mas grande/mas pequeno/a.
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bien and mal
have same comparative forms as bueno/a and malo/a.
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saber means
knowing a fact or facts, pieces of information, or knowing how to do something.
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conocer means
to be familiar with; expresses familiarity or acquaintance (or lack thereof) with a person, place, or thing.
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saber
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conocer
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yo
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se
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conozco
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tu
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sabes
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conoces
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ud/el/ella
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sabe
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conoce
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nosotros/as
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sabemos
|
conocemos
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vosotros/as
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sabeis
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conoceis
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uds/ellos/ellas
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saben
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conocen
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when direct object of conocer is a person/pet, the personal a is used.
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the yo forms of saber and conocer are irregular in the present tense.
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ofrecer (to offer)
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ofrezco
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paracer (to seem)
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parezco
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conducir (to drive)
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conduzco, -cimos, -cis
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traducir (to translate)
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traduzco, -cimos, -cis
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comparisons of inequality are formed
by placing mas or menos before adverbs, adjectives, or nouns, and que after them.
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comparisons with numerical values
use de before the number being used.
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verbs with comparisons of inequality
[verb] + mas/menos que
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mas (que)
more (than)
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menos (que)
less (than)
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comparisons of equality are formed
tan + [adv,adj] + como
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comparisons of equality are formed
tanto/a(s) + [sing. noun, plur.noun] + como
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verbs with comparisons of equality
formed by placing tanto como after the verb (tanto does not conform to number or gender)
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tanto como
as much as
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el/la/los/las + [noun] + mas/menos + [adjective] + de
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definite article overshadows the noun
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de = in or of
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noun can be ommitted if it is clear to who/what superlative refers to
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absolute superlatives ends in -isimo, which is equivalent to extremely/very + [adj or adv]. sp-ch
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