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formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications that is clear, concise, focused, structured, and backed up by evidence
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requires the writer to demonstrate knowledge and show proficiency with skills of thinking, interpreting, and presenting information (Lowe & Zemliansky 2010) as an evaluation
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readers = teacher, peers, academic community
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to inform
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to explain
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to persuade
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to argue
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Structured
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distinctinve structure (intro, body, conclusion)
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coherence (logical progression) & cohesion (connection)
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Evidenced
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based on information from experts in the field
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properly acknowledge in writing through in-text citation and reference section
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Critical
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always analyze and evaluate including source
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requires a great deal of research in order to develop a deep understanding of the topic
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Balanced
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your writing should give consideration to all sides of the issue and must avoid being biased
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while it is important as an academic writer, your stance on a particular topic is clearly shown
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Precise
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reader understands meaning of written text
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clear and precise including technical vocab when necessary
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Objective
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emphasis is on arguments and information, rather than on the writer
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passive structures in sentence construction
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Formal
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more formal than everyday writing
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complex sentences and avoids contractions and colloquial/informal words and expressions common in spoken english
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general words
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that are acceptable for academic use
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academic words
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that frequently appear in academic texts
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technical words
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specific to an individual subject area
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Formal
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tone should not sound conversational or casual
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use of colloquial, idiomatic, slang, and journalistic expressions should be avoided
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Objective
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academic text is based on research and not on the writer's own opinion about a given topic
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unbiased - based on facts and evidence and is not influenced by personal feelings
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when presenting an argument to the reader, show both sides of the topic and avoid making value judgments
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Impersonal
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do not show yourself as the performer of the action
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emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you
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avoid personal pronouns (i,we,you)
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use "it" constructions
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Personal nouns
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Personal experience
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Directives
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Descriptive writing
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Informal, conversational tone, including slangs and idioms
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Vague expressions
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Wordiness
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Academic Essay
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An academic text that presents a coherent argument or exploration of a specific topic (Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2021)
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Report
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presents and analyzes information clearly and briefly for a particular audience such as laboratory reports, business reports, case study reports, research reports, progress reports, etc. (Smith, 2022)
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Literature Review
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critical and comprehensive analysis of existing scholarly publications, books, articles, and other relevant sources on a specific topic or research question (Ridley, 2012)
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Concept Paper
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A concise document that outlines the main ideas, objectives, and potential outcomes of a proposed research project or initiative (Hulley, S. B., Cummings, S. R., Browner, W. S., Grady, D. G., & Newman, T. B., 2013).
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Position Paper
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type of argument writing that focuses on a stance on an issue and shows how this chosen stance relates to other positions concerning the issue (Writing@CSU, n.d.).
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Critique Paper
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evaluating and analyzing a specific piece of work. It provides a critical assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the work being reviewed, offering insights and suggestions for improvement
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A way in which something is usually done, especially within a particular area or activity.
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These are rules and principles of academic writing that are generally accepted among scholars (IGI Global, 2021), and give distinctive features to academic texts apart from nonacademic texts.
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
