AQA Psychology A-Level Approaches - 2022 Advanced Information only
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rejects introspection
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lab studies
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observable and measurable behaviour
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classical conditioning
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unconditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
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Pavlov's dogs
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food (ucs), bell (ns), saliva (ucr) > bell (cs), saliva (cr)
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operant conditioning
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positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
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Skinner's box
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positive reinforcement
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reward for doing a behaviour
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negative reinforcement
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reward for stopping a behaviour/avoids something unpleasant
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punishment
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negative consequence for a behaviour
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role of the unconscious
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vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts that has a significant influence on our behaviour and personality + represses harmful memories
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id
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"gets what it wants", pleasure principle, part of the unconscious mind
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ego
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mediator between id and superego, reality principle, part of the conscious mind, develops around age 2, defends unconscious mind against displeasure through defence mechanisms
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superego
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sense of right and wrong, morality principle, punishes ego for wrong doing through guilt, part of conscious and unconscious mind, develops around age 5
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defence mechanisms
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repression, denial, displacement
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psychosexual stages
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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oral stage
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0-18 months, focus of libido is mouth
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anal stage
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1-3 years, focus of libido is the anus, ego develops as parents impose restrictions
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phallic stage
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3-6 years, focus of libido is genital area, identification with same-sex parent leads to formation of gender identity, superego develops through resolution of Oedipus or Electra complex
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latency stage
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earlier conflicts are repressed
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genital stage
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sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty, difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
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Oedipus complex
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feelings for mother, castration anxiety, "become" father
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Electra complex
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penis envy, desire father and view mother as rival, identify with mother, penis envy is replaced by desire for baby
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imitation
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copying the behaviour of others
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identification
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when an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model
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modelling
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imitating the behaviour of a role model/the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that might be imitated by an observer
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vicarious reinforcement
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reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
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mediational processes
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factors which determine whether a new response is acquired
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attention
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the extent to which we notice certain behaviours
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retention
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how well the behaviour is remembered
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reproduction
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the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
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motivation
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the will to perform the behaviour, often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished
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Bandura's Bobo Doll Study
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free will
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self determining
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active agents
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reject more scientific models with general principles
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subjective experience > general laws
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem needs, self-actualisation
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concept of self must have congruence with ideal self
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unconditional positive regard is necessary for healthy development
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conditions of worth in childhood
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causes psychological problems in adulthood
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client-centred therapy
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