study guide for MCB2010C
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An immune response, coordinated by the immune system, aims to eliminate antigens through antibody generation.
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The immune system consists of innate and adaptive branches with common features: Recognition of diverse pathogens Elimination of identified invaders Discrimination between self and foreign antigens
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Innate immunity is non-specific and ancient, found in all eukaryotic organisms.
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Adaptive immunity, unique to vertebrates, matures over time, tailors responses, and exhibits memory.
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Microbiota play a crucial role in shaping and regulating immune responses.
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Abnormally high body temperature induced by pyrogens.
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Enhances antiviral effects, phagocyte efficiency, leukocyte production, limits pathogen growth, and promotes tissue repair.
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Low-grade fever (37.5°C to 38.3°C) is protective; high fever (40.5°C) is life-threatening
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Blood Composition - Erythrocytes transport oxygen, platelets stem blood loss, leukocytes are crucial for the immune system. Leukocytes: granulocytes (visible granules) and agranulocytes (lack granules).
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Leukocyte Activation Activated leukocytes release molecules for diverse functions. These molecules have diverse functions, including recruiting other leukocytes, restricting pathogen growth, triggering fever, and stimulating inflammation
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Changes in normal microbiota can confuse the immune system, linked to allergies and autoimmune diseases.
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Hygiene Hypothesis suggests reduced microbial diversity hinders immune responses.
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Mechanical barriers (e.g., skin, tears, urine) hinder pathogen entry. Chemical barriers combat invaders (e.g., lysozyme, stomach acidity)
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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) like defensins target pathogens by inserting into cell membranes.
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Signs and Symptoms: Fever, chills, weakness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, shock, tissue death.
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Plague Doctors Distinctive attire: beaked mask, cane, long coat, gloves, hat. Protection against bacteria-laden secretions and aerosol droplets.
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Mortality Historical impact with devastating outbreaks (Plague of Justinian, Black Plague, Great Plague of London, Third Pandemic).
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Neutrophils: Most abundant, engage in phagocytosis. Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections and allergic responses. Basophils: Involved in allergic responses and combat parasitic infections. Mast Cells: Release histamine, contribute to allergic responses and parasitic defense. Monocytes: Mature into macrophages, involved in chronic infections, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Macrophages: Highly phagocytic, destroy a wide range of pathogens, serve as antigen-presenting cells.
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Blood delivers plasma to tissues, forming interstitial fluid
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Lymphatic system collects and filters lymph (fluid), screening for pathogens in lymph nodes
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Primary lymphoid tissues (thymus, bone marrow) produce and mature leukocytes.
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Secondary lymphoid tissues (nodes, spleen, MALT) filter lymph
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Infection Encounter Yersinia pestis faces non-specific immune defenses and leukocytes.
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Evasion Strategies Counteracting defenses, reducing phagocytosis, producing a protective capsule, using injectosomes. Plasmids generate proteins suppressing lymphocyte chemotaxis.
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Subverts macrophages, impairs inflammatory response, targets natural killer cells, produces proteases.
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Abundant in the liver, provide innate protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells.
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Intravenous antibiotics (gentamicin, ciprofloxacin) recommended for Yersinia pestis.
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Inflammation is essential for innate immunity and healing.
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Three phases: vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, resolution.
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Chronic inflammation exacerbates tissue injury and promotes diseases
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