study guide for MCB2010C
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Adaptive immune responses closely interact with innate immune responses.
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Host is considered immune compromised if any part of the innate or adaptive system is impaired.
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Adaptive responses come into action when innate defenses fail.
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Antigen Presentation: Involves antigen-presenting cells (APCs) showing antigens to T cells.
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Lymphocyte Activation: Lymphocytes are activated by cytokines
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Lymphocyte Proliferation and Differentiation: Leads to effector cells and memory cells.
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Antigen Elimination and Memory: Cellular and humoral responses collaborate to eliminate the antigen.
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T cells can be classified into T cytotoxic cells (TC cells) and T helper cells (TH cells)
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T helper cells, especially CD4+ T cells, release cytokines and activate other immune cells.
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T helper cells can further differentiate into subclasses like TH1, TH2, and Treg cells
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MHC I presents intracellular antigens on most body cells.
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MHC II, exclusive to APCs, presents extracellular antigens to T cells
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MHC matching is crucial for tissue transplantation (allorecognition).
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Active immunity involves memory cell and antibody formation, obtained through infection or vaccines.
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Passive immunity entails receiving antibodies without memory cell involvement, providing temporary protection.
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Naturally acquired active and artificially acquired active immunity confer long-lasting protection, while naturally acquired passive immunity provides only temporary protection.
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Take longer to mount (days to weeks) compared to innate responses.
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Specific to a particular antigen and exhibit immunological memory.
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Secondary exposure to the same antigen results in a rapid and effective response.
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B and T cells recognize a wide range of antigens
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T cells originate in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, and play roles in both cellular and humoral branches.
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B cells coordinate the humoral response by producing antibodies
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Mature B and T cells mainly reside in lymphoid tissues.
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CD8+ T cytotoxic cells directly destroy infected or cancerous cells.
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Roles in antigen elimination involve interferons, MHC I production enhancement, and inducing apoptosis in target cells.
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Plasma cells secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) that neutralize antigens, activate complement cascades, and promote phagocytosis.
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Different antibody isotypes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) have specialized functions
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Critical for avoiding tissue rejection in transplantation.
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Allorecognition is the process by which lymphocytes distinguish self from foreign MHCs.
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Transplant waiting lists exist due to the difficulty of finding an adequate MHC match.
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Critical for avoiding tissue rejection in transplantation.
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Allorecognition is the process by which lymphocytes distinguish self from foreign MHCs.
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Transplant waiting lists exist due to the difficulty of finding an adequate MHC match.
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Cellular response (T cell-mediated immunity).
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Humoral response (antibody-mediated immunity).
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Both aim to eliminate identified antigens and form memory for faster future responses.
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Antigens trigger immune responses and can be proteins, polysaccharides, or molecules in various organisms.
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Immunogenicity depends on antigen size, molecular complexity, and chemical composition
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Both branches progress through four stages: antigen presentation, lymphocyte activation, lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, antigen elimination, and memory.
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Effector cells die off, while memory cells provide long-lasting immunological memory.
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Enable rapid reactivation of the adaptive response upon encountering the same antigen.
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Secondary immune response involves quick generation of high-affinity IgG antibodies
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