study guide for MCB2010C
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Definition: Inborn errors affecting immune factors, leading to deficient immunity.
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Categories: Congenital immunodeficiency. Approximately 50% due to B cell issues. Around 30% linked to T cell defects. Roughly 18% are errors in phagocytes. Approximately 2% relate to complement deficiencies
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Definition: Acquired immunodeficiencies, more common than primary immunodeficiencies.
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Causes: Age. Certain infectious agents. Medical interventions. Systemic disorders (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, alcoholism, hepatitis).
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Autoimmunity: Immune system attacks healthy self-tissues. Genetics and exposure to certain infectious agents contribute. Over 100 autoimmune diseases described.
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Diagnosis: General signs and symptoms. Presentation varies based on affected tissues. Hypersensitivities are inappropriate immune responses. More common in developed nations (hygiene hypothesis).
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DiGeorge Syndrome
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Deletion in part of chromosome 22. Causes impaired thymus development. Impairs cellular immune responses.
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Cancer treatments (e.g., radiation and chemotherapy). Steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., corticosteroids). Anti-seizure medications.
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Allergy: Triggered by allergens, leading to IgE production. Immune system reacts to harmless substances. Examples: atopic asthma, atopic dermatitis.
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Systemic Anaphylaxis: Localized and systemic anaphylaxis. Systemic anaphylaxis is potentially life-threatening and treated with epinephrine.
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Diagnosis and Management: Diagnosis based on symptoms, blood/skin tests. Management includes allergen avoidance, medications, and desensitization immunotherapy.
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Type IV Hypersensitivities: T cell-mediated, not antibody-mediated. Manifest slowly, causing delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Responsible for autoimmune disorders.
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Autoimmune Type IV Hypersensitivities: Examples: Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease. Therapies aim to reduce T cell response and inflammation.
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Nonautoimmune Type IV Hypersensitivities: Triggered by haptens. Examples: tuberculin skin test, contact dermatitis, transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease.
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Bone marrow transplants. Intravenous or subcutaneous antibody administration. Cytokine therapies. Experimental treatments (e.g., stem cell transplants, thymus transplantation, gene therapy).
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The immune system protects against infections and cancer.
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Patients with compromised immune systems are at increased risk for certain cancers.
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Immunotherapies aim to boost immune defenses to prevent or treat cancer.
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Type II Hypersensitivities: IgG or IgM bind to cell surface or extracellular antigens, leading to complement activation and cell lysis. Examples: Goodpasture syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatic heart disease.
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Blood Groups and Transfusion Reactions: Blood types based on antigens on red blood cells. Incompatible transfusions cause hemolytic reactions.
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Type III Hypersensitivities: IgG or IgM antibodies bind to soluble targets, forming immune complexes. Examples: antivenoms, antitoxins.
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