Globalization is a process involving expansions beyond national barriers and growing linkages at the global level. Ideally, it takes place to make the world a global community. It involves global relations that transpire among a wide-range of nation-state forces such as people or labor, objects such as wealth and resources, knowledge such as cultures, information, and technology, and social structures such as economic and political institutions.
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Globalization
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Economic Globalization
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Political Globalization
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process of expansions and growing linkages at the global level. Involves forces such as:
- people/labor - objects/wealth & resources - knowledge/ culture - information & tech - social structures (economic and political institutions) |
Principal Actor: Market
a) Trade- exchange of goods and services b) Capital Flows- international movement of money for investment or business production process c) Labor Migration- mobilization of labor across international borders Integration of economies may be influenced by politics as political entities control & manage economic forces |
- Coming together to make decisions/policies
- Alliances for int'l cooperation & developments - Global movements for organizations in other countries Example: Rice Tariffication Law - Removed restrictions on rice imports - Lower tariffs -Decline of price |
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Political and Economic
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Culture
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Religion
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Science and Technology
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Education
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For example, the US war against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 certainly had an economic motivation; perhaps to gain more control over Iraq’s oil.
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- Food, TV, music, still affected by economic considerations e.g., profit, tariffs, policies and have economic consequences e.g., effect on demand and prices.
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- Spread of religions espcially Islam/Islamic fundamentalism
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- Access to scientific journals and collaborations among scientists
Health & Medicine - Diseases can proliferate globally - spread of medical knowledge, expertise & technologies useful in treatment |
- Curriculum Standardization
- International school branches - Student exchange |
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History of Globalization
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- Intercontinental trading routes for silk & spices in the early centuries
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1st Century to 17th Century
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1st Century- Silk & spices b/w Asia & Europe
15th Century- trading widened with Scientific Revolution with discoveries in the fileds of astronomy, mechanics, physics, and shipping. - Led to discovery of the Americas by Columbus and aided Magellan's circumnavigation which ended pre-Colombian Civilizations - Connected East to the West; opened roads to spice islands and other supply of goods & resources |
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1st Wave (1860-1914)
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Second wave (1946- Present)
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Third wave (1989- Present)
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- British Industrial Revolution - gave birth to twin engine of global trade
1) Innovation of industrial machines to make iron, textiles, & manufactured goods 2) Steam Engine- steamships and trains that allowed transport of goods |
- Second Industrial Revolution (cars & planes)
Institutions like the European union & other trade channels backed by the USA increased international trade |
- Gave rise to the internet
- Global exports rose to about a quarter of global GDP in the 2000s - Trade, which is the sum of imports & exports, grew about half of the world GDP - In some countries, like Singapore, Belgium, and others, trade is worth much more than 100% of GDP. In this "global age", the US sets the tone and leads the way. |
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World Wars (1914-1945)
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World Trade Org
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World War I (1914-1918) ended globalization adn reign of high societies in the West- war replaced trade, civilians died, infrastructures destroyed, countries closed borders, financial markets collapsed.
World War II (1939-1945) - trade as a percentage of world's GDP fell to 5% - a level not seen in more than a hundred years. |
- Encouraged international organizations to enter free-trade agreements. Trade once again rose to 1914 levels, and in 1989, export once again counted for 14% of the global GDP.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union & the wall dividing the East & West, globalization became an all-conquering force. |
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1. Liberalism
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2. Political Realism
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3. Constructivism
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4. Marxism
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- Human beings haave a natural desire to exercise their basic freedomes & maximize their material well-being.
- Political liberties & economic welfare like: 1) Technological development- especially communication & transportation 2) Legal and Institutional undertakings to enable the liberalization of markets Globalization as an extension of modernization - Promote the necessity of institutional structures & standardization of processes |
- The state as the principal actor of globalization
- Believe that states are innately self-serving, thus competition for power is inevitable. - Existence of a dominant state is neccessary in bringing stability to world order. - Competition among power-hungry states generates global relations. Globalization is used by major states like China, Japan, Great Britain, and USA |
- Apolitical Tendecy: concentrate on people's mental construction of the social world.
- Believes that one's personal perception & symbolic exchanges w/others help them construct ideas of the world, belongingness in the world, and the rules for social interaction. - Globalization as a result of people's individual consciousness & inter-subjective communications. Constructivists perceive themselves as citizens of a particular world. |
“Capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier to conquer the whole earth for its market”.
It results to a profit-oriented system that seeks unceasing expansion. - Conquer earth for its market; capitalist exploitation |
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