|
G0
|
most cells that will no longer divide
|
|
G1 phase
|
restriction point
|
|
S phase
|
chromosomes duplicate
|
|
prophase
|
mitotic spindle begin to form
|
|
prophase
|
chromosomes become visible
|
|
pro metaphase
|
kinetochore-microtubule interactions move chromosomes to midline
|
|
metaphase
|
chromosomes line up at central plate
|
|
anaphase
|
sister chromosome separate and chromosomes move apart
|
|
telophase
|
nuclear membranes form around separated chromosomes
|
|
cytokinesis
|
cell plate forms or cleavage furrow pinches cells apart
|
|
Cross
|
Offspring
|
Probability
|
|
AAbb X AaBb
|
AAbb
|
1/4
|
|
AaBB X AaBb
|
aaBB
|
1/8
|
|
AABbcc X aabbCC
|
AaBbCc
|
1/2
|
|
AaBbCc X AaBbcc
|
aabbcc
|
1/32
|
|
Child
|
Mother
|
Man
|
|
AB
|
A
|
no groups exonerated
|
|
O
|
B
|
A or O
|
|
A
|
AB
|
A or O
|
|
O
|
O
|
AB only
|
|
B
|
A
|
B or O
|
|
Initiation
|
Transcription factors bind to promoter and facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase II, forming a transcription initiation complex; RNA polymerase II separates DNA strands and RNA synthesis begins at the start point.
|
|
Elongation
|
RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA strand, connecting RNA nucleotides that have paired to the DNA template to the 3' end of the growing RNA strand
|
|
Termination
|
After polymerase transcribes past a polyadenylation signal sequence, the pre-mRNA is cut a released.
|
|
Interphase
|
90% of cell cycle; growth and DNA replication
|
|
G1 phase
|
Chromosome consists of a long thin chromatin fiber made of DNA and associated proteins; growth and metabolic activities occur.
|
|
S phase
|
Synthesis of DNA. Chromosome is duplicated; two exact copies (sister chromatids) are produced and held together tightly at their centromeres and by cohesions along with their length; growth and metabolic activities continue.
|
|
G2 phase
|
Growth and metabolism continue
|
|
Mitotic phase
|
Cell division occurs
|
|
Prophase
|
The sister chromatids, held together by sister chromatid cohesion, become coiled and tightly condensed.
|
|
Prometaphase
|
Kinetochore fibers from opposite ends of the mitotic spindle attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids; the chromosomes move towards midline.
|
|
Metaphase
|
The centromere of the chromosome is aligned at the metaphase plate along with the centromeres of the other chromosomes.
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|
Anaphase
|
Cohesins are cleaved and the sister chromatids separate (now considered individual chromosomes) and move to opposite poles of the cell.
|
|
Telophase
|
Chromatin fiber of the chromosome uncoils and is surrounded by reforming nuclear membrane.
|
|
Transcription
|
Translation
|
|
|
Template
|
DNA
|
RNA
|
|
Location
|
nucleus (cytoplasm in prokaryotes)
|
cytoplasm; ribosomes can be free or attached to ER
|
|
Molecules involved
|
RNA nucleotides, DNA template strand, RNA polymerase, transcription factors
|
amino acids, tRNA, mRNA, ribosomes, ATP, GTP, enzymes, initiation, elongation, and release factors.
|
|
Enzymes involved
|
RNA polymerase, spliceosomes
|
aminoacytl-tRNA synthetase, ribosomal enzymes (ribozymes)
|
|
Control- start and stop
|
transcription factors locate promoter region with TATA box and start point, polyadenylation signal sequence to stop
|
initiation factors, initiation sequence (AUG), stop codons, release factor
|
|
Product
|
primary transcript (pre-mRNA)
|
polypeptide
|
|
Product processing
|
RNA processing: 5' cap and poly-A tail, splicing of pre-mRNA, introns removed by spliceosomes.
|
spontaneous folding, disulfide bridges, signal peptide removed, cleaving, quaternary structure, modification with sugars, etc.
|
|
Interphase
|
Chromosome duplication; sister chromatids attached at centromere and by sister chromatids cohesion along their lengths.
|
|
Prophase I
|
Chromosomes condense. Synapsis of homologous pairs (held by synaptonemal complex); crossing over (exchange of corresponding DNA segments) is evident at chiasmata.
|
|
Metaphase I
|
Homologous pairs line up independently at metaphase plate (orientation of maternal and paternal homologs is random).
|
|
Anaphase I
|
Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and homologs move toward opposite poles; sister chromosomes remain attached at centromere.
|
|
Metaphase II
|
Haploid set of chromosomes, each consisting of 2 sister chromatids, aligns at metaphase plate; sister chromatids not identical due to crossing over.
|
|
Anaphase II
|
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles as individual chromosomes.
|
|
1. Nucleosomes (10-nm fiber of nucleosomes and linker DNA)
|
|
2. 30-nm fiber
|
|
3. Looped domains (300-nm fiber)
|
|
4. coiling and folding of looped domains into highly condenses metaphase chromosome.
|
|
Types of DNA
|
Description
|
%
|
|
Exons or rRNA/t-RNA coding
|
Protein and RNA coding sequences
|
1.5
|
|
Introns
|
noncoding sequences with genes
|
20
|
|
Regulatory sequences
|
enhancers, promoters, and other such sequences
|
5
|
|
Transposable elements and related sequences
|
multiple copies of mostly movable sequences
|
44
|
|
Alu elements
|
family of short sequences related to transposable elements
|
10
|
|
L1 sequences
|
retrotransposons found in introns of most genes
|
17
|
|
Unique noncoding DNA
|
gene fragments and psuedogenes
|
15
|
|
Large-segment duplications
|
multiple copies of large sequences
|
5-6
|
|
Simple sequence DNA
|
DNA centromeres and telomeres, also STRs
|
3
|
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