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solution
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a homogeneous mixture of substances
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alloys
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a homogeneous mixture of metals with metals, or metals with nonmetals
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Solution Concentration
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the amount of solute in a specific amount of solvent
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Solution Concentration formulas
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M of solute / M of solution or V of solute / V of solution
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Molarity
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mol of solute / L of solution
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Dilution formula
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M1V1 = M2V2
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Molality
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mol of solute / Kg of solvent
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mixture
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two or more substances are mixed together and keep their properties
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types of mixtures
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homogeneous (smooth, indistinguishable) and heterogeneous (mixed)
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types of heterogeneous mixtures
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suspensions and colloids
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separation of mixtures
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distillation (homogeneous) - filtration (heterogeneous) - crystillization - chromatography - sublimation
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Brownian Motion
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the random motion of particles suspended in fluids (prevents precipitation)
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Tyndall Effect
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the scattering of light by a medium containing small suspended particles
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Dissolving
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the process in which solute molecules are surrounded by solvent particles
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Heat of Dissolving
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the change in energy due to solution formation
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Factors affecting the rate of dissolving
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increase in temp - stirring - increase of solute surface area (powdering)
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solubility of a gas in a liquid increases when temp decreases
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Henry's Law
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S1P2 = S2P1 (S = solubility , P = pressure)
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Colligative Properties of solution (depend on solute to solution ratio)
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vapor pressure lowering - osmotic pressure - boiling point elevation - freezing point depression
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vapor pressure lowering
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the pressure of a vapor decreases with an increase in the no. of moles
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boiling point elevation
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ΔT = k(b) x m (ΔT = b.p elevation, k(b) = elevation constant, m = molality
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a liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. K(b) changes with the solvent
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freezing point depression
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ΔT = k(f) x m (ΔT = f.p depression, k(f) = depression constant, m = molality
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osmotic pressure
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the additional pressure caused by the movement of water to areas of Conc. Solution
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osmosis
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the movement of solvent through semipermeable memebranes to areas of lower concentration
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