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Thermal Energy
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total energy of molecules in a substance
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thermal energy is proportional to the no. of molecules
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Total Energy
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the sum of the potential and kinetic energies
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Temperature
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the average kinetic energy of molecules in matter
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Thermal equilibrium
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a state in which two substances have the same temperature
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Transmission of Thermal Energy
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conduction - convection - radiation
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Calorimeter
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an object used to measure the heat of chemical and physcial reactions
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Intermolecular Forces
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Forces between molecules
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Cohesive Force
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Attractive forces between molecules of the same type, such as surface tension
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Surface Tension
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the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist external forces
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Adhesive Forces
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Forces of attraction between a liquid and a solid, such as capillarity
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Applications of Capillarity
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clothes absorbing water, and water moving up stems to leaves
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Pascale's Principle
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states that, in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure change in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container.
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Application of Pascale's Principle
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Hydraulic Lift
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thermocouple
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a sensor that detects temp
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Specific Heat
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The amount of heat energy required to raise one kg of matter by 1 degree C
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Transferred Heat Energy Formula
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Q = mcΔT (c is the specific heat)
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latent heat of fusion
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the amount of heat energy required to melt 1 kg of a substance
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latent heat of fusion formula
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Q = mHf (Hf = heat of fusion)
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Latent Heat Of Vaporization
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the amount of heat energy required to evaporate 1 kg of a substance
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Latent Heat Of Vaporization Formula
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Q = mHv (Hv = heat of vaporization)
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Fluid's Pressure
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P = ρgh (ρ = density, g = 9.8, h = height)
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Archimedes' principle
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states that a body immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
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Buoyant Force
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the force acting on an object opposite to gravity by a fluid in which it is submerged, opposing the weight
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Buoyant Force Formula
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F = ρ(fluid)Vg
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applications of the buoyant force
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ships, submarines
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Viscosity
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a measure of an object's resistance to flow
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Bernoulli's principle
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states that in horizontal fluids, the higher the velocity, the lower the pressure
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applications of bernoulli's principle
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spry paint, perfume atomizer
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Solid Expansion
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a change in the length, width, or height of a solid
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same depth = same pressure
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The First Law Of Thermodynamics
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E = Q - W
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The Second law Of Thermodynamics
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the law of entropy
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Entropy
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The measure of a system's useless thermal energy, or disorder
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Entropy Formula
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ΔS = Q/T
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Heat Engine
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a device that converts thermal energy into work
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Efficiency of a Heat Engine
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Eff = W/Qh or Eff = ( Qh - Qc / Qh )
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Heat engine energy relations
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Qh = W + Qc
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Density
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density = m/V
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Pressure
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P = F/A
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