Human life becomes complex while trying to cope with these local and global transformations, ways of life, and norms. Moral problems and dilemmas are inevitable as one tries to develop himself to the fullest. Along the way, man must maintain a moral judgment, decision, and action for right and good living in society. Ethics and moral standards with right reason will lead people to the right path of life.
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Ethics
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Morality
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Broader and Objective.
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More personal and gut feeling-based .
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Broader and systematic based on agreed rules of society, profession, and groups
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Developed from one's values, beliefs, and cultute
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Ex: code of conduct in medical field and corporate world
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Ex of Morality: Inner judgement of right or wrong.
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Ethiology
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Gree: Mos or Latin (Lt) means manner, character,a nd behavior
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Meaning/Definition?
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refers to rightness or wrongness.
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Greek word ethymology
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ethos which means, custom, habit, behaviors and character.
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Defintion
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A system of moral philosophy/principles—a set of values and rules of human conduct (human actions).
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A.Meta-ethics
B. Applied Ethics C. Normative ethics |
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A. Meta-ethics
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study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment.
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ask: "What do ethical statements mean?" and "Do ethical statements have objective truth or are they a mere subjective expression of opinion?
Debating if morality is a universal truth or a personal perspective |
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B. Applied Ethics
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Seeks to apply ethical principles to concrete social issues.
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ex: topics such as abortion, euthanasia, human sexuality, animal welfare, environment, and poverty.
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Normative ethics
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Concerned with the basic principles of right or wrong.
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It asks if morality is fundamentally about the consequences of our actions, the inherent nature of the acts performed, or our character as actors
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A.Aristotle's Nicomachean (Aristolean Teleology)
B.Hume's non-cognitive C. Kant's deontology: D. Bentham's utilitarianism: |
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1. Aristotle's Nicomachean (Aristotlean Teleology)
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Constant practice of virtues that will lead to a purpose or end.
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Moral virtues include prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance, goodness, and generosity.
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2. Hume's Non-Cognitive
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Moral judgment is based on passion and interest, such as happiness
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3. Kant's Deontology
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Focuses on following universal rules, norms, and duties (Categorical Imperatives).
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4. Bentham's Utilitarianism
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One ought to do whatever will promote the greatest good and happiness for the greatest number, focusing on consequences and results.
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Social moral problems:
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Experts rebuild necessary measures to address the present characteristics of moral issues today.
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To enlighten people:
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Especially the young, to behave in a good and right manner. Teens may be confused due to different influences and are unwilling or unable to act in a moral way.
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To establish solid foundation of values
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In school, particularly in the interaction between teachers and students.
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indicates a focus on how ethics influences moral decision-making in everyday life.
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Provides advantage and answers:
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Ethical theories are useful when they affect how human beings behave.
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keywords: provides answers thru affecting how we behave (e.g. moral judgements and decisions)
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Provides a moral plan:
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Ethics sets ethical rules and principles that provide a framework to find a way through difficult moral issues, offering a "cooler view" of problems
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keywords: framework, blueprint for complex issues
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💡shows concern for other people's well-being and God, rather than one's own desires and self-interest
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{{width=40}}Ethics is about the "Other"
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shows concern for other people's well-being and God, rather than one's own desires and self-interest.
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Source for group strength:
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If a group has a strong moral foundation, they have the courage to correct wrongdoings without hesitation.
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Good people as well as good actions:
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Ethics is also about the goodness of individuals and what it means to live a good life. Virtue ethics is concerned with the moral character of human beings.
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These are various ways of making a moral judgment.
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Subjectivism
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Moral judgment is based on feelings, emotions, or attitudes.
> For example, whether a lie is bad or good depends on a person's feelings. Moral judgments do not contain factual truths. |
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Moral Realism
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There are real, objective moral facts or truths in the universe. Moral statements provide factual information about these truths. For example, "Respect the rights" is a universal moral truth.
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Emotivism
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Moral statements are shown through gestures or signs that express feelings. For example, a thumbs-up gesture can show approval of a good act.
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Prescriptivism
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Moral statements are just instructions and recommendations, showing how people "ought to do".
>For example, "Students must have a complete uniform inside the school" |
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Etiquette
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A standard of moral judgment dictated by a socio-economic elite
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Legal
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standard of moral statement to judge legal right or wrong in a democracy, through representatives
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Language
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A standard to judge what is grammatically right or wrong, which has evolved through use.
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Aesthetic
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A standard to judge good or bad art, usually dictated by a small group of art specialists.
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
