There was once a time when the fundamental necessities weren't as readily available. Food, water, and shelter were all subject to disease. In the past, epidemiology's primary focus consisted of finding pathogens to reduce the transmission of infectious diseases. However, much progress has been made to reduce the spread of diseases with antibiotics and immunizations. Since then, chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and respiratory diseases are more prominent and are now the primary focus.
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Multifactorial Etiology- Various factors that cause disease.
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Latency Period- The time between exposure of a risk factor and the onset of symptoms.
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Physical Stresses- Excessive heat/cold, radiation, housing, workplace injuries and climate change.
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Risk Factor- Behaviors, environmental exposure, or inherent human characteristic that increases the likelihood of an adverse health outcome.
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Environmental risk factors include: Allergens, asbsetos, arsenic, noise, radiation, and smoke.
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Physical, Chemical, and Biological environment risk factors include: Worksite exposures, environment exposures, poverty, low educational level, smoking, alcohol use, nutrition/diet, congenital anomalies, and developmental defects.
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Inhalation- Breathing radioactive chemicals into the lungs.
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Ingestion- Swallowing radioactive material.
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Direct- External exposure.
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Although, the trend of lead exposure has decreased, the severity of lead remains severe. Lead can be ingested through food, soil, water, and dust.
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Consequences from lead exposure include damage to organs, osteoporosis, seizures, mental retardation and more.
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Lead exposure has been found in lead paint and leaded gasoline. Now are both banned in the U.S. and consequently, blood lead levels lowered.
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Toxicokinetic: The study of how a chemical substance and the process it undergoes when inside the body.
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Biotransformation: The change of a chemical within the body.
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Biologic agent:a living organism, such as viruses, bacteria, toxins, or parasites, that can cause disease in humans, animals, or plants.
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Virus examples: human papillomaviruses (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (also called human herpesvirus 8), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV).
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Cancer examples: Burkitt's lymphoma, liver cancer, Adult T-cell leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and cancer of the cervix, anus, penis, vagina, vulva and oropharnyx.
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Behavior and lifestyle choices are responsible for coronary heart disease deaths, cancer deaths, lung cancer, mental disorders, work-related injuries, and diabetes
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Lifestyle choices include: smoking, poor nutrition, exercise, sexual activity, and alcohol intake.
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Malnutrition: condition caused by insufficient vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients.
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Undernutrition: lack of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients.
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Overnutrition: Excessive intake of nutrients.
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Quit smoking, eat healthy, regular exercise, limit alcohol, regular health screening, know your family history, and get enough sleep.
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